English Myal by Erna Brodber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Myal by Erna Brodber - Essay Example Selwyn Langley, a husband of Ella, is a cruel and aggressive man who causes great emotional and psychological sufferings to Ella. The other characters are Mass Cyprus, Mass Levi, Reverend Simpson, Ole African, Anita and Miss Gatha. All of them are engaged in crimes and spiritual violence as victims or aggressors. The remarkable feature of the novel is that it is based on mixed chronological frames and double telling. Crimes have changed consciousness and personality of Ella and Anita who have to fight with spiritual 'rapists' (Mass Levi, Dan,, Selwyn). Spirituality and subconsciousness are used as frames of the beyond which is close to us but which cannot be seen by common people. Spiritual traditions and zombification force the main heroes to look for new ways and methods to change their life. Fighting with prejudices and stereotypes, Erna Brodber unveils that traditional knowledge limits understanding of the self and the world, and starts to seek for another source of her spiritual development. The most impressive theme is that some characters can steal human spirit. Atmosphere of mysticism covers the protagonists creating a feeling of secrecy and spiritual burden. "Spirit thief...taking away these people's spirit" (18). Growth and metamorphosis are the unifying themes in the novel out of which the fully reconstituted spiritual knowledge and power of beliefs emerges. To some extent, spiritual practices and their acceptance or rejection, determine the level of heroes evolution and transformations affecting their spiritual develop ment. The culture of the main characters is destroyed by spiritual monitoring and interference. Timeless presence and power of mind show that people depend upon their own fears and terrors. The theft of spirit symbolizes that people are surrounded by unknown world they try to master and subdue, but in reality they are caught by their own prejudices and superstitions which prevent them to experience the world around. On the one hand, this zombification support factitious world created by Ella and other people, but on the on the hand these beliefs symbolize narrowness of human mind and knowledge about the universe. It supports spiritual nature of Ella and represents a determinant factor of her personal development. It is possible to compare spirit with the matrix of consciousness where everything is predetermined and cannot be changed. Erna Brodber proposes a blend of native religions and Christianity. She shows that objective world is revealed to us in religion and common sense presupposes a principle or set of principles which is not itself part of this world of facts; human experience is not of a chaotic manifold but rather an awareness by an enduring subject of a unified world of objects This enables Erna Brodber to say that the manifold of experience cannot be provided independently of the mind, because only minds or consciousness can make relationships, and this is just what objectivity means. The self is indispensable to the world which it knows and thus the objectivity of the world cannot be explained naturalistically. She calls the process of self-understanding: "awakened consciousness of these new people" (110). In the novel, Erna Brodber describes a unique interpretation of God and its role in our life. It is possible to say that God embodies universal love and worship. Erna Brodber ends

Important Contribution(s) of Different Scholars to the Field of Essay

Important Contribution(s) of Different Scholars to the Field of Biblical Studies - Essay Example 4 Cullmann was among the most influential in reformed Biblical theology and his studies on the New Testament eschatology and Christology led him to suggest a position of heilsgeschichte; redemptive history over the common positions of C.H Dodd and Albert Schweitzer. Redemptive history connotes that â€Å"With the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, the eschaton has already began as the presence of the congregation of glory is defined by the power of redemption†¦.† His important contributions to the New Testament studies include titles like â€Å"The Immortality of the Soul or the Resurrection of the body?†, 5 â€Å"The Christology of the New Testament†, â€Å"Early Christian Worship†, â€Å"Salvation and History†, â€Å"Early Christian Worship† but to mention a few. In â€Å"Christ and Time†, he defended claims that New Testament only refers to time as being linear that is yesterday, today and tomorrow and that no philosophy should try and mix other forms of time not mentioned therein. This led him to write an article â€Å"The Immortality of the Soul or the Resurrection of the body?† in which he showed that the widespread attribution of â€Å"the resurrection of the soul† to primitive Christianity was plausible and that this was rather associated with Greek mythology. 6His article further attributed death to the wages of sin and as the last enemy. He presented Jesus Christ as the first born from death and proceeded to presented the death as those who sleep. This article led to a lot of controversy especially in some protestant churches but at the same time received support mainly from Adventist Churches.7 Cullmann in his book â€Å"The Christology of the New Testament† established a balance in the New Testament data regarding the life and work of Jesus Christ. 8This he achieved by remaining as faithful as possible to the New Testament depiction of Jesus Christ. This

Leadership Is About Leading Followers Management Essay

Leadership Is About Leading Followers Management Essay According to Williams, C McWilliams, A, leadership is about leading followers to achieve organization or company goals. The purpose of this essay is to define the differences between transformational leadership and transactional leadership. The former facilitates a redefinition of a peoples mission and vision, a renewal of their commitment and the restructuring of their systems for goal accomplishment (Leithwood, cited in Cashin et al. 2000, pp. 1). While the latter occur when the give and take exchange happens. Transformational leadership usually called as a charismatic leadership. It is the most studied guide of leadership (Bass 1985, 1990; Bass Avolio 1993, 1994; Gastil 1994; Lowe et al.1996; Pawar Eastman 1997; Shamir et al. 1998; Yammorino et al.1997; Yukl 1994), while transactional leadership called as an authoritative leadership, serves to articulate and establish positions held by the leader. This leadership is the least supportive of intentional change (McWhinney 1997, pp. 194). The differences between both of them are the process and the behavior. The process of transformational leadership which is a leadership focusing on team building and strategies where all employees and leaders have a strong bond to make decisions to reach the target. For example: the McDonalds manager obligation is to make strategy how to provide less time to serve the chickens. While the process of transactional leadership is about making sure everything goes as desire and about the reward and the punishme nt. The rewards are given such as honor, wage, etc. While, the punishment is well understood by everyone. The example of transactional leadership is job for McDonalds employees is to sell as many chickens as possible. According to Bass (1985), transactional leadership behaviors which are the leadership aiming at monitoring and controlling employees through rational or economic means. While transformational leadership behaviors are a variety of field studies demonstrating that are positively related to employees satisfaction, self-reported effort, and job performances. Transformational / charismatic leadership usually make a better performance than transactional / authoritative leadership. It will produce a greater satisfaction and make less role conflict.   In addition, Ashkanasy Tse (2000) and Bass (2002) said that, emotions are playing an important rule in the leaderships process. Transformational leadership is very sensitive to the emotions of the followers. This sensitiveness could lead the followers to a good result if the leaders have a positive thought. Example: if the leaders of the groups have a very high self-motivation, the followers can reach beyond what they expected because they can trust their leaders, otherwise if leaders without positive thought, the leaders will not get the employees trust. While in the transactional leadership, it does not seem to be as sensitive as the transformational leadership. In this leadership, the leaders are not supporting the employees and cause the negative effects that make frustrations, sadness and regret to the employees because not getting what they want or expect. So, transformational leadership is more related to the positive effects while transactional leadership is more related to the negative effects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Everyone personality is different, so do the leaders. Which will provide different impact to the followers. Bass (1985) identified eight dimensions of leadership behaviors. The first transformational behavior is an idealized influence, refers to leaders who have a very high personal regard and who engender loyalty from followers. The second transformational leadership behavior is an inspirational motivation, refers to leaders with a strong vision for the future based on values and ideals. The third transformational leadership dimension is an intellectual stimulation, which refers to leaders who challenge organizational norms. Individual consideration is the fourth transformational leadership dimension, refers to a leader behavior aiming at recognizing the unique growth and development the needs of followers. The fifth is contingent reward, refers to leadership behaviors focused on exchange of resources. The next one is management by exception-active, refers to monitoring performance and taking corrective action as necessary. In the management by exception-passive, the leaders are taking a passive approach. Finally, Bass (1985) included Laissez-Faire under the transactional leadership label.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     An example of Malaysians business which have transformational leadership is Air Asia. The owner of Air Asia is Tony Fernandes who was born on 30th  April 1964, this organization is bought by him from DRB-Hicom. He studied in London, United Kingdom majoring in Finance in 1976 and graduated in 1987. Before he joined Warner Music International London in 1989 and had been promoted four times in twelve years (approximately promoted every three years), he worked in Virgin group majoring in communications. In 1992, he was transferred to Malaysia back to his hometown. And at the age of 28, he received the title of the youngest person in recording music industrys history to head Warner Music Malaysia. Unfortunately, he leave his promising career in music industry which he had earned the position as a vice president, ASEAN region because he was going to build a low price airline based on almost the same business models as in USA (Southwest Airlines) and E urope (Ryanair easyJet). Setia Mahkota Selangor is the title which he got in 1999 and given by his Royal Highness King of Malaysia Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah. In this airline organization he lead, the first priority is the employees, it can be said that this is showing the organizations loyalty. Because of this organizations trustworthiness, the employees give a good service to the customers to show the respect to the organization. This transformational leadership behavior is included into an idealized influence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though transformational leadership is more recommended than transactional leadership as it is said above, it does not mean that transactional leadership is not important. Because the function of transactional leadership is to motivate employees to do beyond than they could expect. So both of the leadership is needed in every organization. The organization should balance their leadership between the transformational and transactional leadership. (916 words)

The Golden Rule :: social issues

The Golden Rule ‘The Golden Rule and The Greatest Good’ what can they do? It was around 4 pm that Tosin Olumito and I got to the main campus of Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria after a long journey from Ilorin, Kwara State. Our mission was to process our admission having finished the Interim Joint Matriculation board Examination of which we obtained a very good result. In Ilorin, we had been directed to a friend who was a student in the school to put us through and to offer us accommodation for timeous processing and efficient follow up of the admission but alas! The school joined the 6 months strike called by ASUU. We knew they were on strike, the news we heard was that admission had started and that they would soon called it off to join some of their colleagues who had called their student to resume without a definite announcement by ASUU, which they eventually did after a week that we got to the university. We tried and searched every nook and cranny of the university to locate the friend we were directed to until somebody nimbled us that the stude nt we were looking for had traveled. All hope shattered, we looked at each other amazingly, we were now left to carry our cross and look for a panacea to this menace. We couldn’t go to a hotel neither do we have relatives within the vicinity. Tosin has a relative in Kaduna, which is 45 minutes drive from Zaria. I alluded that she should go to Kaduna to locate her relatives, that I would find a way of harboring myself. She wanted to disagree having thought of the risk, which I would be exposed to. She insisted on knowing where I would be so that she could check the following day to inform me whether I should come also to Kaduna or not . I told her that I would not be able to afford the transport implication which could adversely affect my pocket money because I was left with a token that could last for few days apart from my fare to Ilorin. She was convinced. As luck would have it, I met and told a Hausa student our plague who introduced us to his friend – Suleiman Nuhu Bala, a final year Economics student who was at the time writing his project. Suleiman didn’t hesitate to

Environmental Problems

All cities experience environmental problems to a lesser or greater degree, usually causing great obstruction to the developers that attempt to improve the urban environment. The brown agenda that obstructs this includes these issues: * Waste * Dereliction * Air pollution * Noise * Water supply * Environmental health * Urban ecosystems Waste products and waste disposal * Solids from paper, packaging and toxic waste increase as the numbers and affluence increase * Liquid sewage and industrial waste both rise exponentially * Sewage control in Calcutta, India-during the monsoon season sewage can be seen pouring down the side of the street where the drains are insufficient to cope. * Contamination and health hazards from poor systems of disposal, e.g. rat infestation and waterborne diseases * An example of an MEDC problem of waste disposal is in the ‘Bronx', south of New-York-rubbish continually clutters the streets, just like in the squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Solutions: Solutions to any problem are made more difficult by the lack of available resources and the sheer scale of the problems faced. * Improved public awareness-recycling etc, landfill sites, incineration plants and export to other areas (usually MEDC to LEDC) * Development of effective sewage systems and treatment plants including recycling of brown water for industrial use * Rubbish management-refuse collection, and recycling by informal groups or councils Dereliction of land: * Can obstruct development-due to a number of reasons- > Toxic leaks that enable a growth of development on the land > Unsightly areas-abandoned areas where buildings are in ruins, e.g. Cairo, Egypt, the buildings decline but not restored-leaving them abandoned a huge safety hazard. * Dereliction also occurs in MEDCs such as in the ‘Bronx', New-York, during the 1970s landlords were burning down their properties to claim insurance money-the buildings are boarded up and left derelict and impossible to restore-resulting in brown field sites. Solutions: * Demolishing the ruins of buildings-and re-building on top. * Toxic leaks are very difficult to tackle-the ground has to be drained of the chemicals and this is a long and expensive process. Brown field sites are very unattractive to developers-the sites are much more expensive and unpredictable than green-field sites. There is the problem of toxic waste spilling up from the ground. * There are many schemes set up in the UK for demolishing vacant or crumbling buildings-for example in Manchester many tower block houses are demolished for redevelopment. Pollution of air: * Major problem in most developing world cities. * The drive to industrialization brings with it inevitable problems, especially as legislation to protect the environment is often non-existent or rarely enforced. * The hidden economy can add to the levels of pollution as small, unlicensed industries are set up in peoples homes or on rooftops. These industries release their pollutants into the air, land and water. * Air in Mexico City is so poor that breathing it is like smoking 60 cigarettes a day * Poisonous gas explosions at Bhapal killed 3300 people and seriously injured 150 000 * Photochemical smog formation closely related to urban sprawl * Not caused by traffic alone-factories, waste, incinerators and power plants produce pollutants, especially were industrial plants are old * Some specialist chemical pollution-dangers of explosions etc * Issued of acid deposition Solutions: * Closure of old factories and importation of clean technology, e.g filters, use of cleaner fuel, not coal or wood * Cars can be fitted with catalytic converters, use of un-leaded petrol * Movement from private transport to public-this is an example of green transport planning. This will reduce the release of harmful chemicals such as Carbon Monoxide (which can attach to the red blood cells and cause serious lung problems and even death), Nitrogen Oxide etc caused by the factors mentioned. * Pollution levels can also be monitored and guidelines be released over the levels of pollution in certain areas. Noise: * Rising car ownership-traffic congesting the roads presents a major noise problem-as the roads get busier and more congested the noise levels soar * Factories and power plants are a huge noise pollutant-especially in old factories-the large machinery is not fitted with silencers and is extremely noisy throughout the majority of the day * Dams and electrical plants, mines etc Solutions: * Reduce the amount of traffic on the roads-promote public transport etc * Update the factories with more advanced, quieter, machinery * Promote more energy efficient, quieter, electrical plants- i.e. wind turbines etc Water Supply: * Overuse of ground water led to subsidence and flooding in Bangkok * Cities consume large amounts of water, especially as incomes rise: aquifier depletion, ground subsidence and low flow of rivers * Leaking sewers are also a major threat to the water supply-for example the villages of Kanpur or Varansi, India, leak untreated sewage into the Ganga-spreading disease through the villages in India. * The water supply can also become polluted as inadequate sewerage facilities allow the spread of harmful bacteria-can lead to death from water-borne disease-one of the biggest causes of high infant mortality rates. * Lack a clean water supply means that the risks of disease are very high. * Water pollution > Untreated sewage from the Ganga from cities such as Kanpur or Varanasi > In urban areas, water pollution results from leaking sewers, landfill and industrial waste, including oil and chemicals > In some LEDCs, agricultural pollution from fertilizers and manure is a problem > In some LEDCs, agricultural pollution from fertilizers and manure is a problem-leaking into the water supply Solutions: * Reservoirs * Pipeline constructions (Development of drainage systems and sewers) * Desalination of salt water * Water conservation strategies * Control points-regulation etc * Installing sewage treatment plants in the largest river settlements * Providing low-cost sanitation facilities and bathing areas * Building electric powered crematoria to reduce the numbers of bodies being burnt on the river banks * Putting flesh-eating turtles in the river to clear up the body remains * Monitoring river quality to ensure that water quality consistently improves * Promoting organic farming-elimination of chemical fertilizers and pesticides etc Environmental Health: * Air in Mexico City, Mexico, is so poor that breathing it is like smoking 60 cigarettes a day. * Chemicals such as Carbon Monoxide (which can attach to the red blood cells and cause serious lung problems and even death), Nitrogen Oxide etc * Contaminated water can spread diseases such as Cholera etc * These factors reduce the quality of life and life expectancy, and cause serious health problems-restricted breathing and rapid increase of contracting cancer etc Solutions- see solutions in tackling water contamination/air pollution etc In conclusion, many problems have been tackled, but throwing technology and capital at them does not instantly solve environmental problems. Recycling for example is not always a good way of reducing the build up of waste. For example in Manila, Philippines, children scavenge on refuse sites collecting cans for recycling. As well as being unpleasant, the risk of injury is high and any cuts will become infected. Development in urban areas is usually hindered by environmental problems-which seems to be the worst factor to overcome due to the fact that the environment is very un co-operative and many problems are ‘pushed under the carpet' as such and the problems increase to un manageable levels-both in LEDCs and MEDCs. However, MEDCs seem to be developed quicker and at more sustainable levels-due to more money in the government-more resources and grants awarded. LEDCs are developed however, but it takes a lot longer due to lack of money, resources and usually much more extremes of problems. An example of a LEDC scheme trying to improve urban areas is in India-The Ganga Action Plan-1986 the Indian government launched this to improve the water quality by: * Installing sewage treatment plants in the largest river settlements * Providing low-cost sanitation facilities and bathing areas * Building electric powered crematoria to reduce the numbers of bodies being burnt on the river banks * Putting flesh-eating turtles in the river to clear up the body remains * Monitoring river quality to ensure that water quality consistently improves * Educating local people in the need for separation of sewage and house-hold waste Case Studies that include environmental problems LEDCs: Calcutta, India * Western image is of filth and squalor- people living in cardboard boxes and newspapers on the street or people sitting on the top of buses in a ‘people-jam'. * Sewage pouring down the side of the street in the monsoon season. * These grim images of Calcutta reflect the enormous environmental problems faced result of both physical and human factors. Shanty towns- e.g. India etc * The shantytown is likely to be found on inappropriate land. * Could be prone to flooding or is very steeply sloping, increasing the chances of a landslip. * It could be on a piece of land that has been badly polluted by a neighbouring industry. The shelters made of wood and high population densities increase the risk of fire. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil * 1/3 of the population lives in favelas: > In favelas, the shortage of utilities is constant: all utilities are below standard access. > Water is usually accessed by tapping into a water main that runs near the favela. > Only about 50% of the people living in favelas have access to an indoor toilet-the sewage then runs through open ditches and eventually runs up to street level-creating an incredible health hazard. * Incineration of the waste can easily ignite many of the wooden houses and cause people become sick due to the smoke. * Since the city often does not live up to its obligation to haul away the trash, it can build up on street and become a source for disease. Cairo, Egypt * South of the delta * Some squatter settlements * City of the dead-people live in the buildings for the tombs-no water system, sewage system, shops etc in this area-lack of provisions * Very crowded-people living on the roofs * Housing declines-the buildings crumbling-are not restored * Rubbish, waste, sewage problems * Pollution * Sewage systems broken-floods the streets * Rubbish-Christians recycle the rubbish from the dumps-but Muslims won't due to their religion-Might have pig products there Solutions: * Egyptian and British scheme-water system-pipes set up for sewage all across the county-but slurry is pumped up to the streets from the construction-spreading disease etc MEDCs: The ‘Bronx', New-York * Poor repairs-houses burnt down in 1970's to claim money off the government-landlords used to burn them down * Healthcare-poorer than the ‘white area' * Rubbish cluttering up the streets * People living on the streets * Air pollution from the city-the buildings and factories are old-not filter systems-lots of air pollution * Boarded up houses-dereliction-leads to brown field sites Hackney, London, UK * Lifts are smelly etc-people urinate in the lifts * Construction in the flats are failing, the rooms are damp, they are expensive to maintain * Elderly people contract pneumonia from the damp conditions-causes health problems like bronchitis Solutions: * Demolishment of the blocks of flats * Rebuilding of flats-cleaner-easier to maintain-CCTV cameras set up http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html Environmental Problems What is the impact of human activity on the natural environment? Answer: Humans are a part of the natural environment. Unfortunately, we have not yet learnt to moderate our activities in such a way as to help the environment. Human activities often lead to degradation of the environment. Impacts of humans include: †¢pollution – land, freshwater creeks and rivers, seas and oceans, and air †¢deforestation and destruction of habitats †¢endangerment and extinction of flora and fauna species introduction of invasive and parasitic fauna and flora species to new areas †¢increased desertification of land – this often occurs because, when humans try to increase fertile land in one area, they must divert needed resources from another area †¢altering natural waterways which can increase the risk of flooding †¢Interfering with the natural fire cycles of an area (one cause of increased bushfire problems in Australia) †¢overuse of natural resources, resulting in depletion of some of these resources †¢climate change and the development of extreme weather conditions: scientists continue to debate how much humans actually contribute to climate change and/or global warming, but there is evidence that our activities do contribute in some part †¢rising sea levels †¢increased erosion of land as a result of mining or agricultural activities †¢Mining activities not only can destroy the vegetation of the area, but can contribute to instability in the earth's crust.There can be some neutral impacts. Native people in many lands lived in harmony with their environment for thousands of years. The Native Americans and Australian Aborigines, for example, used only what they needed, and did not pollute their environment or alter it negatively and permanently. Fortunately, man is learning (a little too late) that there are activities he can undertake to improve land he has already degraded. This may involve: †¢conservat ion, monitoring of and captive breeding programmed for endangered species †¢restoring degraded ecosystems by planting trees specifically native to the area, and removing introduced species †¢removal of pollutant materials 3.Questions to consider: †¢What is the biggest environmental issue the earth faces? †¢Where on the Earth is this issue? †¢Who does this effect? †¢ Why it is the biggest issue the Earth faces? †¢ What statistics or relevant information is worth knowing about your topic? †¢ What future concerns are there? The Biggest Environmental Problem The environmental problem that must be considered as the biggest is the Global Warming. Temperature is slowly increasing all over the world. To understand this better it is also important to explain the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect in a summary: Sunlight radiates from the sun, through space, to earth's atmosphere.The sunlight enters the atmosphere and hits the earth. Some of it tur ns to heat energy in the form of infrared light. The heat absorbs by surrounding air and land, which, in turn, makes it warm. Infrared rays that are remitted into the atmosphere get trapped by the greenhouse gases. When the infrared light tries to leave the atmosphere, some of it will be absorbed by the greenhouse gases and is remitted back to the earth. The Infrared light that is remitted back to earth then warms it more. Some of the naturally occurring gasses in the atmosphere are carbon dioxide and methane. This is the way the earth keeps itself warm enough for human habitation.The problem is that more and more carbon dioxide are added into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels for power, transportation, and producing mass quantities of goods in factories. As if this were not enough, thousands and thousands of trees are cut down for lumber, making them unable to take carbon dioxide out of the air and replace it with oxygen. One effect of Global Warming would be rising sea levels . If Global Warming rise the temperature at the ice caps, great amounts of ice will melt, letting all the fresh water flow into the ocean. Tons and tons of ice will melt if the temperature rises high enough with the cause of sea levels to dramatically rise. Another effect of Global Warming would be severe weather. A change in temperature would mean a significant change in weather, in many places.As the weather grows warmer and more tropical, so does the weather. Many areas are experiencing changes in the weather as an effect of Global Warming intensifying winds, rains and storms. Not only considering mankind as the victims of the Global Warming also must the animals be considered. Many animals may become endangered or extinct because of the climate change is, that are happening rapidly. Animals will find their homes disappearing when trees are cut down or dead because of drought. Drowning might also be a consequence when animals are over taken by water when rivers and streams rise. This will force people and animals together even more in an overpopulated world.With the fact that the greenhouse effect also will provide drought in certain areas forcing people and animals even more together and with less food than today. It is very easy to understand that people and animals will starve to death. The Global Warming does not only have a casual effect it also have affects on other things such as inflation. Because of crops being destroyed prices will rise, and in some areas it could mean prices rising so high that only a few would be wealthy enough to buy food. Global Warming also have an effect on the world's economy and it could mean costs that mankind never could dream of. Action must be taken now before it is too late.

An Experience to Forget?

As the bleary clouds gradually pulls away from one another the illumination that emanates from the radiant moon becomes clearly visible. The murky vapour, about half an hour previously, which gave the impression that it was embodied into the fabrics of the environment created a clouded screen which impeded the vision of the distanced scenery. This gradually vanishes as light from the moon brightens the region. The adjacent meadow next to me is a prevailing feature in the nearby area: each blade of grass is discrete, sharply defined and glazed with a thin layer of frost; mixed into the turf are faint patches of bronze coloured crops and behind this are rows of shrubbery which are tinted a shade of green. Encircling the pasture are birch trees. Devoid of any leaves, leaning to the side and seeming pale and slender they appear like gaunt skeletal palms that were reaching out for an unknown, mysterious purpose. The peacefulness of the night, almost instantaneously shatters as a storm erupts. A torrent lashes down at a high speed ricocheting against the jagged path which stretches out through the middle of the meadow. The rain is vigorous and scourges my already cold body. My situation had been just about bearable several hours previously when it was slightly more temperate and still daylight. However as the darkness set in I could only stumble, falling occasionally on sharp rocks and unrefined pebbles, which left me with painful injuries. The piercing chill of the night makes me reluctant to attempt to find authorities in the deserted Dartmoor country or even to leave from the tattered ‘camp'(if you could even name it that), which I have very shoddily and quickly created in order to protect myself from these surroundings which are very unaccustomed even wild to me. This landscape is littered with unusual greenery and wildlife which are so different to my home region of Southern Italy; in fact I already have had an unpleasant reaction to a plant which has left my wrist turgid and swollen. Surely you must be wondering how I ended up in this condition? The truthful answer to that question is that it is unclear even to me. Back in Italy many people gave me pleasant reports about the captivating scenery in Dartmoor and the enjoyment they had on an expedition here. Since I am a person who is fascinated by quaint landscapes and relaxed adventures, I could not resist the temptation of being here myself. This morning when I first set out on the excursion the weather was reasonably pleasant although slightly chilly. However, while in the middle of my hike at about two or three o'clock, the ambience slowly became increasingly unpleasant after about an hour there were near gale force winds which I can only describe as wrath from heaven itself. I was dehydrated. My head was throbbing. I lost control. Screaming what I thought would be last words, I cried: â€Å"What have I done to deserve this!? † I think I may have fallen unconscious but the experience was all a bit ambiguous and unintelligible. I felt confused and lost, I tried looking at my map but I was feeling so dizzy I could barely interpret it. Despair. Complete despair are the words that can best describe my situation, I feel confounded, lost in an environment which I am not used to and one that I realise that I am helpless to do anything about it. Crouching down and hunching in a torn sleeping bag, as I peer around, I can faintly hear the close-by river in the background of the storm and the rumbles of thunder. The gentleness of the sound in comparison to my surroundings and its flowing water soothes me and it brings me back to my joyful infanthood in the picturesque, awe-inspiring Italian summer. In the bay of Naples, the majestic sun could be seen gloriously rising above the horizon. As the day steadily grew hotter the radiating light brightened the cold, grey sky into a vibrant yet soothing cyan. The sun created a mesmerizing mirage which shimmered into the depth of the nearby ocean. Slowly the earth and creation were coming out of hibernation and into life. There was a feeling of awe in the atmosphere and a sense of the start of something sensational. The sand along the shore was glistening in the heat of the sun. Encompassing the sea-side were smooth pebbles and a variety of shells with vivacious colours and different sizes. I can remember one shell in particular attracted attention, it was coloured a delicate beige but with strands of deep purple embossed with particles of golden sand, at one end it appeared as if it were an enthroned King with an elaborate crown with glossed decorations. The other end was dominated by a curved abyss embellished with an exquisite magenta. The Atlantic Ocean, which was exceptionally tranquil that morning, sparkled in the distance. Its waters gave the impression of an everlasting quantity, yet it still appeared inviting. It created a wonderful sea breeze which gently brushed against me; there was also a salty aroma which had a sense of authenticity to it. The delicate, enchanting sound of the sea brushing against the shore's numerous boulders and stones soothed me and made feel almost at one with nature . In my home town beyond the shore of Naples, there was emerging from the distance, scattered clusters of people. A faint scent of Mediterranean cuisine was arising from the local cafis and restaurants, within an hour there was an energetic buzz within the region. In my minds eye I could still see the pier extending about twenty metres out into the depth of the sea. On it were several ornate amusements, which were garnished with lively colours ranging from a royal blue to pale green. There were echoes of ecstatic friends of mine; we relished ourselves in the opportunities of excitement available on the pier. Behind the pier was a magnificent Merry-Go-Round, it was laden with a rich diversity of colours and it was adorned with pretend gold and jewels. Next to this was a colossal Ferris-Wheel which surpassed any other altitudes in the area. In contrast, aligning both sides of the platform, were fishermen who practiced their profession with an eerie sense of separation from the rest of the people and seemed to be in solitude. As midday approached a restaurant serving local fish would begin to make preparations for lunch and there was always a delicious odour of roast haddock tainted with a lavish honey fragrance oozing out from the building. The locals would flock some around the restaurant anticipating the delights concealed within. Appearing to become even colder the winds increase in speed, the effect of the weather becomes even more drastic upon me and penetrates through my layers of clothing. Suddenly the weather awakens me from my dreaming and brings me back to reality. As I reflect upon the memory I realise combining all these subtle, minute elements in the environment has made that summer exceptional and close to my heart. Although perhaps my former self was oblivious to all these intricate details, one can look back from an age of maturity and truly appreciate these events. When remembering that event my morale seems to lift, even though my current situation is one of desperation, the pleasant memory satisfied my soul and gave me happiness from within. The rainfall also seems to become more intense and I feel as if I am about to catch pneumonia. As my suffering increases so does the desire to be consumed in a recollection. As I find myself drifting off again, I see myself in my mid-adolescent years; I remember thoroughly preparing for examinations which allowed me to graduate from middle school. At that time The Victoria Park was my refuge. This was an outstanding place, an oasis in the middle of a desert because its beauty contrasted so much to the bleak urban settlement that surrounded it. Its splendour radiated a sense of awe and it gave all the inhabitants of the close by town a sense of pride. In comparison to its dreary surroundings the park was picturesque and inviting. The grass was crisp and freshly moist with the morning dew. The trees, which were shaded in a deep, rich mahogany, overshadow the park; so the bright, harsh rays of sunlight did not spoil its delicacy. I could hear the soft flow of water from the stream gently brushing against the smooth pebbles in the distance, as the wind delicately whistled past me. As I revised for my exams, the peace it emanated had a unique quality of tranquillity and peace that was incomparable to anywhere in my home-city. As I result I passed the tests with flying colours. Eventually, I am motivated enough to attempt to rescue myself, thanks to the pleasant reminiscences that uplifted my spirits. I am determined to succeed even with missing equipment, I refuse to let the situation fall through my fingers. Focusing like I have never done before in my life, I worked out where I was on the map by looking at my positioning in comparison to the stream and a landmark I could make out in the distance. I have I all the inclination necessary to return back to civilisation. .Perhaps this is an experience I would rather forget†¦ or possibly I should encourage others that is absolutely vital to keep all your experiences close to you maybe you will rely upon them one day just like I have.

Language Is A Cultural Factor Social Work Essays

Language Is A Cultural Factor Social Work Essays Language Is A Cultural Factor Social Work Essay Language Is A Cultural Factor Social Work Essay This essay will analyze how issues of race and civilization are pertinent to mental wellness jobs and to service responses to minority communities. However, other hazard or causal factors will be considered which are indispensable in to the full understanding diagnosing, entree to services and results of mental wellness issues including poorness, racism and force against adult females. It appears that a combination of cultural, structural and individualist factors are linked to mental wellness issues and it will be highlight why an over focal point on race and civilization ( without sing other factors ) can be unsafe. Although single factors will non be discussed in this essay, their importance must be emphasised. Personal elements intersect with other factors ( structural and cultural ) lending to mental wellness jobs. Individual factors on their ain therefore are non plenty but need to be considered in combination with cultural and structural factors. This can be linked to Thompsons PCS Model which looks at Personal, Cultural and Structural issues in footings of anti oppressive pattern ( Thompson, 1997 ) . It can non be ignored that issues of race and civilization are highly relevant when sing mental wellness. However, this essay positions race as socially constructed, with small biological cogency as a hazard factor that to the full explains inequalities in wellness ( Bhui et al, 2005, p.496 ) . What is more executable and supported in surveies such as the EMPIRIC survey, is that race is a factor which can be a sociological hazard to persons which can be referred to as racial favoritism holding the possible to ensue in lower ego regard, fewer chances, and emphasis taking to mental wellness jobs ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . In the UK racial favoritism does non merely mention to the term race as skin coloring material but besides incorporates cultural differences every bit good ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . Therefore in this essay, when race is referred to as taking to mental wellness jobs ; it will be in footings of the account put frontward antecedently. It appears that race and civilization impact on diagnosing, entree to services and results. However, this position is based on research obtained in a short sum of clip it was merely in 1995 that detecting different cultural groups became obligatory in mental wellness services which are publicly funded ( Mind, 2012 ) . However this position is disputed by Glove and Evison ( 2010 ) who argue that differences in the form of mental wellness attention received by minority cultural groups in England have been noted since the 1960s and widely debated since the 1980s . Irrespective of this difference, both agree that research has identified differences between different cultural groups in diagnosing, intervention and handiness of services. A common designation in literature is that there are high rates of psychosis ( for illustration schizophrenic disorder ) amongst African Caribbean work forces and seemingly low rates of mental unwellness among South Asians ( NCSR, 2002 ) . Influential pieces of research placing these differences include the Count Me In nose count which began in 2005 and was created in support of the Department of Health s five twelvemonth program Delivering Race and Equality in Mental Health Care ( Mind, 2012 ) . The ultimate purpose was to cut down admittance rates, detainment and privacy amongst black and minority cultural groups ( Mind, 2012 ) . The nose count identifies that 22 % of 30,500 persons having in-patient attention were from minority cultural groups ( CQC, 2010 ) . It besides highlights that black work forces are more likely to be detained under the Mental Health Act and that black and black/white assorted race work forces are three times more likely to be admitted to psychiatric wards and had the highest admittance rate of all groups ( Mind, 2012 ) . CRITICISM The Fourth National Survey ( FNS ) of cultural minorities supports this to an extent. It identifies higher rates of psychosis diagnosing amongst Black Caribbean s compared t o white people ( Mind, 2012 ) . However, these differences are lower than old surveies have suggested. Surveies undertaken antecedently have suggested psychosis occurs largely amongst black Caribbean work forces nevertheless this survey suggests higher rates amongst black Caribbean adult females ( Mind, 2012 ) . Despite these figures, findings have besides suggested that Black African Caribbean and South Asiatic patients are less likely to hold their mental wellness jobs detected by a GP ( The Centre for Social Justice, 2011 ) . Black work forces have been found to be more likely to be admitted to psychiatric units via the Criminal Justice System ( CJS ) ( NMHDU, 2010 ) . The Count Me in nose count highlighted that Black Caribbean, Black African and White/Black Caribbean assorted groups are between 40 and 60 per cent more likely to be admitted via the CJS ( CQC, 2010 ) . In contrast to this, findings from the nose count identify that admittance rates among South Asiatic and Chinese groups have remained much lower ( below norm in many instances ) ( Care Quality Commission, 2011 ) . This is interesting, as other research has indicated that some specific subgroups of South Asiatic adult females ( ages 15-24 ) are at high hazard of completed self-destruction ( Raleigh, 1996 ) . Therefore, why ar e they non acquiring the necessary support from mental wellness services? The EMPIRIC survey considers white people as a comparing with Bangladesh, Black Caribbean, Irish, Indian and Pakistani groups ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . This survey was undertaken in the community which is rather rare. It considers the impact of racial favoritism in the workplace ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . The survey identified that Black Caribbean people reported the highest sum of occupation denial and Pakistanis the highest degree of abuse ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . Bangladeshi, White and Irish people were found to be less likely to describe favoritism ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . Discrimination in the workplace is common and is a hazard factor for common mental upsets ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . The differences between each group in footings of Common Mental Disorders ( CMD ) were little and there were some fluctuations in footings of age and sex ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . It found CMD were higher amongst Pakistani and Irish work forces ages 35-54 and higher rates amongst Indian and Pakistani adult females ages 55-74 ( Weich et al, 2004 ) . Common Mental Disorders were found to be lower in Bangladeshi adult females than white adult females which is interesting sing this group has the highest degree of socio economic want and the recognized nexus between poorness and mental wellness ( Weich et al, 2004 ) . There were no differences in rates between Black Caribbean and White people despite them enduring the most occupation denial and this identifies differences to findings from other key surveies which frequently identify higher rates of mental unwellness amongst black work forces in peculiar ( Weich et al, 2004 ) . Therefore this suggests this group may be more resilient or Black Caribbean people with CMD may hold been excluded from occupations ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . The EMPIRIC survey really identifies that Black Caribbean adult females had more CMD than Black Caribbean work forces ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) and as findings from FNS besides suggest an country of concern for this group, it appears farther research should be undertaken. There are some unfavorable judgments on this survey being that what is perceived as racism does non ever impact on current employment experiences ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . It does non see the fact that CMD may ensue in more people describing racial favoritism ( Bhui, 2005 ) . More long term and qualitative surveies may be good in understanding the impact of racial favoritism ( Bhui et al, 2005 ) . However, surveies undertaken late 1990s and early 2000 because there was a rise in concern sing this issue ( partly due tot the Rocky Bennett instance ) therefore the authorities commissioned this research due to these concerns. However, in recent old ages things have died down a spot hence less research is being undertaken so cognition is non developing and there is no support available for research workers. Despite this, research already carried out seems to follow suite in placing differences in the diagnosing, intervention and results of mental wellness for cultural groups, nevertheless these differences are non ever on par with each other and identify differences in themselves as already stated ( McLean et al, 2003 ) . It is of import to understand why fluctuations do be between cultural groups in footings of mental wellness which will be the focal point of the remainder of this essay. It can non be ignored that cultural factors doubtless play a function in the findings identified antecedently. Black and minority ethnic ( BME ) groups may talk in a manner which is considered different to white British persons or they may hold dissimilar idiosyncrasies. As a consequence, this may be interpreted wrongly which could later take to an wrong diagnosing of mental wellness issues ( Singh, 2006 ) . As stated western head-shrinkers are more likely to misinterpret behavior and hurt that is foreign to them as psychosis ( Singh, 2006 ) . Persons may be labelled as unusual or unusual because of cultural traits ( Singh, 2006 ) . Therefore, this identifies that a deficiency of apprehension of cultural differences may impact on readings. However, no affair what cultural developing people obtain, readings of behavior are ever traveling to change as civilizations are complex and continuously accommodating. Another statement associating to race and civilization and its nexus with mental wellness is that some cultural groups may non respond to western-type methods of covering with mental unwellness. For illustration, in Western society, psychopathology is viewed as an nonsubjective subject and hence the person having the support/therapy is separated from the healer ( Fernando, 2004 ) . It is likely that the healer will non cognize the person and will seldom hold any physical contact with them. As put frontward the healer learns the intervention and applies it within the overall medical theoretical account of covering with jobs as single unwellnesss, upsets or perturbations of what is assumed to be normal mental operation ( Fernando, 2004, p.121 ) . This manner of nearing mental wellness may be different to other civilizations for illustration where more religious methods of healing may be used ( Fernando, 2004 ) . As a consequence, certain cultural groups may non affect themselves in western methods for illustration traveling to see a General Practitioner ( GP ) . Koffman et Al ( 1997 ) found that in comparing to non-black groups, more black patients who had been admitted were non registered with a physician. This may be a consequence of different cultural methods of healing in which western patterns do non suit. However, civilization should non be considered as stationary or immobile it does and can accommodate and alter. It is of import to recognize that different civilizations can get down to complect with each other as civilizations may respond to the environment they are in contact with ( MDAA, 2012 ) . This identifies how it can be unsafe to concentrate excessively much on civilization which I will look into farther on in the essay. Language is a cultural factor which can impact on the right diagnosing and support for an person: both diagnosing and intervention are handicapped if there is no common linguistic communication between physician and patient ( Farooq and Fear, 2003, p.104 ) . Even when an translator is involved, they may non be trained in psychopathology which can restrict understanding and can hold a negative impact on interlingual rendition ( Farooq and Fear, 2003 ) . However, I would reason that at least if an translator is involved, they can bridge the linguistic communication barrier to a important extent. As argued patients in mental wellness services will see a better quality of attention when accessing translators ( Costa, 2011 ) . This is emphasised in the NICE Guidelines for GA, Schizophrenia, Depression and Dementia which puts forward that written stuff should be translated into different linguistic communications and translators should be used where appropriate ( ref ) . A mental welln ess professional that comes across a patient of a different civilization, who speaks a different linguistic communication, may non recognize the badness of their symptoms due to the cultural and linguistic communication differences ensuing in deficiency of support from services for illustration. Therefore if person nowadayss to their GP with symptoms these may be misinterpreted if an appropriate translator is non present. Therefore although many mental wellness scenes may utilize translators on a regular basis, others may non and the importance of this must be emphasised in order to work through issues of incorrect diagnosing, intervention and results of mental wellness. Although race and civilization are obviously pertinent to mental wellness jobs and service responses, it is necessary to see other factors as an accent on cultural issues can sanitise or dissemble other issues ( Chantler et al, 2002, p.649 ) . It seems that mental wellness services are concentrating on cultural differences and understanding cultural diverseness in an effort to get the better of the differences in diagnosing and support for different cultural groups. However, in their effort to make this they may really be disregarding other cardinal issues therefore potentially doing the state of affairs worse or at least keeping it. Some argue that there is an pressing demand to develop cultural competency among nurses and other attention workers if they are to run into the demands of the diverse populations they serve ( Papadopoulos, L and Tilki M and Lees S ) . However, professionals may non handle black people any otherwise merely because they are trained to be culturally co gnizant ( Fernando, 2004 ) . There are tonss of mentions to cultural competency in the Department of Health and NHS. The authorities scheme No Health Without Mental Health which replaced New Horizons in 2011 seems to concentrate on civilization but does non look to admit of import links between race and mental wellness. It is good known that there is a important nexus between poorness and mental wellness ( Chantler, 2011 ) . It appears that mental wellness societal work is get downing to go around around the bio medical theoretical account hence societal factors such as poorness are non focused on every bit much as they should ( Chantler, 2011 ) . It has been identified that societal exclusion can frequently be a consequence of poorness as a deficiency of fiscal agencies consequences in the poorer sectors of society being unable to affect themselves in social activities therefore ensuing in exclusion ( Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011 ) . Social exclusion/isolation can impact on mental wellness therefore poorness can be viewed as a hazard factor for mental wellness jobs ( Chantler, 2011 ) . Bing in the lowest societal category is frequently linked with poorness and this is something which spans across different ethnicities and civilizations. Therefore white, working category members of society may see mental wellness issues which are instigated as a consequence of poorness therefore race and civilization can non be viewed as the lone factors impacting on mental wellness other factors which can besides impact on white sectors must be recognised. However, black and minority cultural groups may happen it more hard to travel into higher categories as a consequence of issues such as racism and favoritism therefore may stay in low socioeconomic fortunes. This highlights a nexus between poorness and ethnicity and emphasises the concern that peoples race and civilization may ensue in them being forced into state of affairss which could increase their likeliness of mental hurt. It appears that there are two chief ways racism can impact on person s wellness: the immediate psychological and physical impact and the consequence of which different races and civilizations are non valued within society ensuing in societal exclusion and disadvantage ( Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000 ) . As argued racism, whether openly hostile or skulking in institutional civilizations and patterns, limits the chances and life picks persons make ( Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011, p.7 ) . Therefore, certain people of certain races or civilizations may experience mo re comfy staying in communities together due to racist favoritism or bias and as a consequence may non seek new life chances therefore potentially staying in hapless socioeconomic fortunes as a consequence of this forced exclusion ( Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011 ) . Similarly, favoritism and racism may ensue in less support within instruction spheres and less chances to stand out within employment circles ( Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011 ) . It has been recognised that unemployment has an impact on mental wellness ( Meltzer et al, 1995 ) . Findingss from the Fourth National Survey identify that four fifths of Pakistani and Bangladesh respondents, two-fifths of Indian and Caribbean respondents and one tierce of Chinese had incomes lower than half the distinct national norm recognised as poorness ( Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000 ) . This compares to one in four white respondents. Therefore, this may be the impact of racism, favoritism and disadvantage ( Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000 ) Therefore at that place seems to be a barbarous rhythm whereby BME groups feel the impact of structural subjugations ensuing in fewer chances to interrupt away from factors which can take to an increased hazard of mental wellness jobs, such as poorness. Therefore, arguably societal exclusion, poorness and category could be grounds why there are higher degrees of mental unwellness in some subcultures of South Asiatic adult females for illustration ( Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000 ) . The fact that communities stick together may ensue in farther hostility and segregation therefore ensuing in inappropriate support for mental wellness jobs as outsiders may non desire to irrupt in these civilizations they may take the attitude leave them to it which can be really unsafe. Therefore a combination of factors including category and poorness can underscore mental wellness issues. It seems that the function of racism as a hazard factor for mental wellness is being ignored or at least undermined by the alliance authorities. Although the No Health Without Mental Health scheme acknowledges the demand to see causal factors for mental wellness, it appears to pretermit to discourse the pertinent issue of racism/institutional racism which can be viewed as a ruin in response ( Watson, 2011 ) . Therefore, it neglects important links between race and mental wellness. This is emphasised in its a call to action papers, which does non include any BME administrations ( Vernon, 2011 ) . Pigeonholing of different groups refers to the favoritism of groups based on positions they are certain manner. So, South Asian groups may be viewed as holding tonss of household support and non believing in mental unwellness. This can be unsafe as it may ensue in services pretermiting to offer support to certain races or civilizations. Therefore, it appears that some mental wellness professionals may inherit positions sing racial stereotypes ( Fernando, 2004 ) . Another common racialist stereotype is that black work forces are unsafe which once more impacts on diagnosing and intervention. A good known illustration is that of Rocky Bennett. He was killed in 2004 in a medium secure psychiatric unit after being restrained by up to five nurses and an independent enquiry into this accepted that it was a consequence of institutional racism ( Athwal, 2004 ) . This is non a lone incident and has been recognised as an issue across mental wellness services. A concern which is shared by many i ncluding Richard Stone ( a member of the Bennett inquriy panel ) and Errol Francis ( a candidate on black mental wellness ) is that cultural/racial consciousness preparation will non cut down institutional maltreatment, it must be acknowledged and so the behavior of the professionals and workers demands to alter ( Athwal, 2004 ) . Once understood and acknowledged, advancement can be made to undertake and understand causes ( McKenzie, 2007 ) . McKenzie ( 2007 ) put frontward concern that the importance of Delivering Race Equality would be undermined, which seems to hold been the instance in No Health without Mental Health as it does non look to recognize the importance of racism as a hazard factor for mental wellness and the impact it has on service responses ( Watson, 2011 ) . Watson ( 2011 ) argues that the feeling given is that we are traveling to a post-racial large society where state multiculturalism is expunged from British values and public consciousness Thus the nexus is being undermined and if this is the instance it is improbable alterations will be made. Chantler et Al ( 2002 ) undertook a 10 month qualitative survey with a group of South Asiatic adult females who are subsisters of self injury or attempted self-destruction. It seems that subsister s highlighted issues doing mental hurt including in-migration position, poorness, and domestic force in their histories nevertheless an over focal point on cultural sensitiveness by professionals and policy shapers means that these factors frequently goes unrecognized ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . Besides, of import to observe is that there does non look to be much research into the fact that if people are seeking refuge, there is a possibility that their mental wellness demands may be higher as a consequence of their experiences prior to migration ( Chantler, 2011 ) . As a consequence of deficiency of acknowledgment, inappropriate or a deficiency of support was offered by services. The research workers found that the subsisters who had been seeking refuge mentioned policies such as the one tw elvemonth regulation as doing them hurt and subjugation as it meant they were trapped ( frequently in an opprobrious relationship ) for a long period of clip without a opportunity of flight ( Chantler et al, 2001 ) . As stated, current in-migration statute law strips South Asiatic adult females of the legal and personal support available to white British female citizens ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . The subsisters identified that they felt these policies ensured that all power was given to the adult male ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . Policies implemented seeking to get the better of jobs in services by using South Asiatic workers demands to be looked into ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . It seems that policy shapers used cultural clangs as accounts as to why issues such as domestic force, in-migration issues and poorness were non highlighted ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . Therefore in theoretical accounts of mental wellness, factors such as in-migration are neglected. Servicess claimed to be una ble to run into their demands due to cultural struggle ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . All but one of the subsisters in the survey had suffered domestic force placing the nexus between domestic force, in-migration position and suicide/self injury ( Chantler, 2001 ) . It is deserving observing that refugees and refuge searchers may hold experienced traumatic events before geting in the UK such as war and poorness therefore they may hold higher mental wellness demands because of their experiences this is non covered much in research and is something which may be good in our apprehension. Burman et Al ( 2005 ) focuses chiefly on domestic force services with respects to African, African-Caribbean, South Asian, Jewish and Irish adult females, it became apparent that civilization was seen to be more of import than covering with domestic force issues. Thus a focal point on civilization can be seen as an obstructor to offering the appropriate support ( Burman, 2005 ) . The survey besides identifies how other issues such as in-migration policies prevent refuge seeking adult females from being able to go forth opprobrious relationships hence this needs to see more ( Burman, 2005 ) . racialised dimensions of such policies heightens their exclusionary effects . The result of these findings suggests that there needs to be new ways of back uping adult females from minoritised groups enduring domestic force ( Burman, 2005 ) . Criticisms of survey? It seems that in favor of civilization, gender issues such as force against adult females are frequently ignored in relation to minority ethnicities ( Chantler, 2002 ) . Would this be the instance if it were white adult females? What is interesting is that force against adult females is considered a gender issue in relation to white adult females but is seen as a cultural issue in relation to South Asiatic adult females ( Chantler et al, 2002 ) . This is something which needs to be recognised and changed. Cultural factors need to be acknowledged to a grade and peculiarly in certain fortunes for illustration honor based force, nevertheless it needs to be recognised that civilization and race are non ever at the head of issues. It is of import to travel off from a complete focal point civilization in many cases, and see gender issues as good. Segregating adult females from minority groups from white adult females with respects to violence can take to miss of support therefore potential ly ensuing in ego harm/attempted suicide amongst other issues, as a consequence of the mental hurt. The research undertaken by Chantler et Al ( 2001 ) and Burman ( 2005 ) high spot this. Decision: As a societal worker it is of import to recognize cultural differences and be unfastened about civilization so that intercessions are non so hard nevertheless, although being culturally cognizant is utile, it is impossible to recognize all factors every bit cultural as there are legion different civilizations which are invariably accommodating. Besides, as this essay has identified, an over focal point on civilization can be unsafe. It is of import to be witting of other risk/causal factors of mental wellness such as force against adult females, category and in-migration position. It is indispensable label or stereotype person based on their race or civilization but instead engage, empower and sympathize with service users. As Chantlers 2001 survey identified, irrespective of a service users race or civilization, they frequently merely desire person to listen to them. Make non ever assume it is approximately civilization as policy has tended to make in recent old ages. It seems that a combination of structural, cultural and single factors including gender, poorness and civilization will enable a greater apprehension of diagnosing, intervention and results of mental wellness. Sing one without the other will restrict apprehension. Therefore, cognition demands to be more nuanced. I am non sabotaging the importance of race and civilization in relation to mental wellness and service responses, as I have acknowledged its importance in this essay. However, do non pretermit other every bit of import factors. Besides gender issues need to be considered for illustration domestic force. Why is domestic force considered cultural merely when related to certain ethnicities e.g south Asiatic adult females? ? SOME force offenses are specific to certain civilizations for illustration honor based force, trafficking ( UMHDU, 2010 ) However, all ethnicities within the uk experience gender based force non merely certain cultural groups and grounds suggests that force and maltreatment cause mental wellness issues ( UMHDU, 2010 ) . However it is sometimes merely seen as a gender issue when it is white adult females enduring maltreatment. Seen as a cultural issue when minority cultural group. Possibly it is nt a cultural issue but a gender issue? ? Research by Chantler et al many adult females from different ethnicities do nt advert culture/race in their survey merely reference maltreatment therefore possibly merely necessitate to see this? ? ?

Securities Exchange Act 1934 Essays

Securities Exchange Act 1934 Essays Securities Exchange Act 1934 Essay Securities Exchange Act 1934 Essay The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 JFM GM520 Legal Political Ethical Dimensions of Business April, 12 2010 The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 was passed by congress to strengthen the government’s control of the financial markets. It was preceded by the Securities Exchange Act of 1933 which was enacted during the Great Depression in hopes that the stock market crash of 1929 would not be repeated. The basic difference between the two acts was that the 1933 Act was to govern the original sales of securities by requiring that the issuers, the companies offering the securities, offer up sufficient information about themselves and the securities so that the potential buyers could make informed decisions. The 1934 Act was aimed at the secondary market where buyers don’t buy from the issuer but instead from other investors (Security, 2010). The 1934 Act also required more disclosures from issuers and was enacted to prevent unfair practices at the various exchanges as well as giving the authority of the exchange to the Securities and Exchange Commission which was one of the many administrative agencies set up by the New Deal ideology of Franklin D Roosevelt (Securities, 2003). A major part of 1934 Act is that it required any issuer with over $10 million in assets and 500 or more shareholders to register its stock with the SEC. With this registration came additional required filings such as the 10-Q form, a quarterly financial report, 10-K form, a yearly financial report, as well as an 8-K form used for reporting unusual events, an example of which would be a merger or takeover (Jennings 742). The 1934 Act seems to be an ever changing document as it has been amended by Congress many times through the years. It is due to the need to remedy any new issues that arise whether through technology or new security devices. This paper will focus on two specific sections of the 1934 Act. The first area that I will focus on is Section 10(b) with Rule 10b-5 and the second area that I will focus on is Section 16(b). These sections deal with the antifraud, insider trading and short swing profit issues associated with the trading of securities. Section 10(b) of 1934 Act acts as the insider trader and anti-fraud provision of the act. It was set up to dissuade fraud in the securities market. As example of which would be where sellers might withhold information that should be public and by doing so having an effect on the price. The application of this section is broad as it applies to all the different types of securities for trade. Examples are public, private, over-the-counter and exempt. The only prerequisite for this provision to be in effect is that the transaction must have an interstate commerce connection (Jennings 742). Since in today’s business almost all transactions take place over the internet or via telephone, it would not be very difficult for the Commission to use this provision to bring action against a company or person in violation. One reason for section 10(b) to be included in the 1934 Act was the damage to the market in the late 1920’s and early 1930’s caused by pools. Pools were devices used by certain groups of investors to run up the prices of certain stocks by collectively engaging in well timed transactions. The group would then dump their stocks just before the stock price dropped. Section 10(b) contains provisions to prohibitive this type of deceptive behavior (Securities – Securities.. , 2010). This type of behavior led to the writing of Rule 10b-5: Employment of Manipulative and Deceptive Practices. It basically states that it is against the law to use any scheme to defraud, make any untrue or misleading statements or engage in any course of business that defrauds by the means of interstate commerce (Jones, 2009). Corporations can be in violation of section 10(b) when they fail to disseminate material information about the company, its performance or its future. This applies for both positive and negative information. The SEC promulgated a new rule in 2000 known as Regulation FD that states that this information must be made available at the same time to everyone. Material information has been determined to be any type of information that would affect the buying or selling decision of a security (Jennings 743). A pending takeover or a possible lawsuit is an example of material information. By not abiding to this provision, companies can have charges brought up by the SEC. A person can be in violation of section 10(b) in multiple ways. If one of the sides of a security sale knows non-public information about the security and the sale proceeds then that person has violated section 10(b). If an owner of shares misleads the buyer by giving false statements then that seller is in violation also. Another example of a violation of section 10(b) is when churning occurs. This is when securities are bought and sold repeatedly to give the appearance of activity (Jennings 743). This is similar to what the â€Å"pools† did during the Great Depression. There are often many different types of people who are covered by section 10(b) of the 1934 Act. Two of interest are insiders and tippees. The term Insider refers to corporate executives who often have access to non-public company information. The term Tippee generally refers to the relatives, friends or acquaintances of insiders from whom they receive this insider information. If the insider just passed on the information to a tippee and that person acted on this information and made an unfair transaction then the SEC and courts will find the insider just as culpable as the tippee and will prosecute both parties under section 10(b) (Securities – Securities†¦, 2010). I find this to be quite an interesting fact. The insiders need to be very careful what they discuss outside of the office. Violations of section 10(b) can happen due to timing. The textbook discusses how some insiders and tippees involved with a company named Texas Gulf Sulphur, back in 1968, were in violation because they bought stocks too quickly after a press conference announcing the discovery of minerals. They made purchases by telephone faster than the information was disseminated to the public. The SEC found them in violation due to timing only, but that was enough to be considered guilty (Jennings 746). It’s important to keep in mind that this violation would be much less likely to happen today because of the technology surrounding the security exchange. Funny enough, the telephone would probably be considered slower than the internet based transactions that are very common today. A trend that has recently emerged as a violation of section 10(b) is the use of the internet to engage in pumping and dumping. Although not a new concept, the internet has been used to increase the effect because of its ability to disperse particular company information very quickly in order to affect stock prices. Persons initiating this deceptive behavior can sell their stocks for profit once they see that the changes to price have occurred. This type of behavior is considered fraud since it is a manipulation of company information for profit. An example of this would be if a group of people collaborated to spread false information on a financial blog or website in the hopes that the price would fluctuate enough to make large profits in a short amount of time. They use the anonymity of the web to attempt this. (Security, 2010) Convictions of violations of section 10(b) can not be based on negligence. It must be based on a person’s intent to defraud. This intent to defraud is known in investment circles as scienter. Penalties for 10(b) violations have been getting stiffer in recent times in attempts to curb the behavior. Violations can carry up to 25 years in prison in addition to monetary penalties depending on the severity and extent of the crime. Corporate financial officers can have additional penalties due to the ease of access to company insider information. If they are found to be in violation and bonuses were found to be paid out as a result of false information, then the bonus money must be returned to the company. If this person attempts to file bankruptcy to avoid paying the money back they will discover that it’s a lifetime obligation in the eyes of the government (Jennings 749). So anxious is the Securities Exchange Commission to prosecute these violations, that it has amended the 1934 Act through passage of additional laws such as the Sarbanes Oxley Act and the 1988 Act as well as working with the American Bar Association in order the strengthen their control. Whistleblowers who report violations can be rewarded with up to 10 percent of the recovered monies in a violation. These whistleblowers are now protected from retaliation and /or termination when they are aiding in a prosecution case as well. Lawyers are now not bound by attorney-client privilege when securities fraud is involved because the ABA amended their code of ethics in 2003 (Jennings 749). Section 16 of the 1934 Act is the liability section that deals with the stock trading by corporate insiders. An insider in this case is defined as an officer, director or a ten percent or more shareholder. Section 16(b) requires these insiders to report any sales and purchases of company stock. These transactions are tracked and during a six month period of time the SEC determines the profits taken. These profits are known as short-swing profits. The amount of the profit is calculated by matching the highest sale with the lowest purchase and the amount profited must be returned to the company. The rationale behind this is that the SEC has to assume that the person used a certain amount of insider information when making the decision to buy or sell stock (Jennings 750). This is in essence just keeping a tab on their actions. This also applies to stock options used as compensation to many executives at large corporations. These options have been troublesome to manage over the last few years and have caused the demise of some companies so many have changed to offering special classes of stock instead (Jennings 750). The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is a very broad law that I would imagine is very difficult to learn completely. I have learned a lot from writing this paper and I can truly appreciate the reason for its enactment. There so many ways for manipulations of the market in today’s world. The technology in place to keep track of the massive amount of transactions must be incredibly complex. I am sure that there will be future amendments created to enforce new more creative ways to manipulate the system for illegal profits. Jennings, Marianne Moody. The Legal, Ethical and Global Environment of Business. Ohio: South-Western, 2009. Jones, Ronald. â€Å"Securities Exchange Act of 1934. † Securities Lawyer’s Deskbook. 1998-2009. The University of Cincinnati College of Law. April 4, 2010. law. uc. edu/CCL/34Act/index. tml Securities and Exchange Commission. The American Economy: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003. Credo Reference. Web. April 5 2010. Securities – Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Web. April 5,  2010   http://law. jrank. org/pages/10097/Securities-Securities-Exchange-Act-1934. html. Security. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010. Web. April 4,  2010   http ://search. eb. com/eb/article-27311. [ 1 ]. (footnote continued)

Names, Functions, and Locations of Cranial Nerves

Names, Functions, and Locations of Cranial Nerves The cranial nerves are nerves that arise from the brain and exit the skull through holes (cranial foramina) at its base rather than through the spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system connections with various organs and structures of the body are established through cranial nerves and spinal nerves. While some cranial nerves contain only sensory neurons, most cranial nerves and all spinal nerves contain both motor and sensory neurons. Function Cranial nerves are responsible for the control of a number of functions in the body. Some of these functions include directing sense and motor impulses, equilibrium control, eye movement and vision, hearing, respiration, swallowing, smelling, facial sensation, and tasting. The names and major functions of these nerves are listed below. Olfactory Nerve: Sense of smellOptic Nerve: VisionOculomotor Nerve: Eyeball and eyelid movementTrochlear Nerve: Eye movementTrigeminal Nerve: This is the largest cranial nerve and is divided into three branches consisting of the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves. Functions controlled include facial sensation and chewing.Abducens Nerve: Eye movementFacial Nerve: Facial expressions and sense of tasteVestibulocochlear Nerve: Equilibrium and hearingGlossopharyngeal Nerve: Swallowing, sense of taste, and saliva secretionVagus Nerve: Smooth muscle sensory and motor control in throat, lungs, heart, and digestive systemAccessory Nerve: Movement of neck and shouldersHypoglossal Nerve: Movement of tongue, swallowing, and speech Location The cranial nerves consist of 12 paired nerves that arise from the brainstem. The olfactory and optic nerves arise from the anterior portion of the brain called the cerebrum. The oculomotor and trochlear cranial nerves stem from the midbrain. The trigeminal, abducens, and facial nerves arise in the pons. The vestibulocochlear nerve arises in the inner ears and goes to the pons. The glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves are attached to the medulla oblongata. Sensory Cranial Nerves Snellen chart test assesses visual acuity and optic nerve function. CentralITAlliance/iStock/Getty Images Plus There are three sensory cranial nerves: olfactory (I), optic (II), and vestibulocochlear (VIII). These cranial nerves are responsible for our senses of smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. Medical professionals test cranial nerve I by having a person close their eyes and one nostril while inhaling a scent such as coffee or vanilla. An inability to recognize a scent may indicate problems with the sense of smell and cranial nerve I. Central and peripheral vision are under the control of optic nerve (II). Examiners test visual acuity using a Snellen chart. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) functions in hearing and can be assessed with the whisper test. The examiner stands behind the person and whispers a sequence of letters into one ear while the person holds a hand over the non-tested ear. The process is repeated with the opposite ear. Ability to repeat the whispered words indicate proper function. Motor Cranial Nerves Motor nerves function in movement of anatomical structures. Motor cranial nerves include the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI control eye movement. The oculomotor nerve controls pupil constriction and is assessed using a penlight. Light is briefly advanced from the outer edge of the eye to the center of the eye and pupil responses are observed. The trochlear and abducens nerves are often tested by having a person follow an examiners finger movements with his or her eyes only. The accessory nerve controls movement of the neck and shoulders. It is tested by having a person shrug his or her shoulders and turn their head from side to side against resistance from the the examiners hand. The hypoglossal nerve controls movement of the tongue, swallowing, and speech. Assessment of this nerve involves asking the person to stick out his or her tongue to ensure that it is midline. Mixed Cranial Nerves   normaals/iStock/Getty Images Plus Mixed nerves have both sensory and motor function. Mixed cranial nerves include the trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves. The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve and is involved in facial sensation, chewing, and corneal reflex. Facial sensations are often checked by rubbing soft and blunt objects on various areas of the face. Chewing is typically tested by having the person open and close his or her mouth. The facial nerve controls facial expressions and is involved in taste sensation. This nerve is commonly tested by observing for facial symmetry. The glossopharyngeal nerve plays a role in swallowing, sense of taste, and saliva secretion. The vagus nerve is involved in smooth muscle sensory and motor control in the throat, lungs, heart, and digestive system. Cranial nerves IX and X are typically assessed together. The person is asked to say ah while the examiner observes movement of the palate. Swallowing ability and the ability to tast e different foods are also tested. Sources Facing Cranial Nerve Assessment. American Nurse Today, 17 May 2019, www.americannursetoday.com/facing-cranial-nerve-assessment/.  Seladi-Schulman, Jill. The 12 Cranial Nerves. Healthline, Healthline Media, www.healthline.com/health/12-cranial-nerves.

Graffiti - the Writing on the Wall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Graffiti - the Writing on the Wall - Essay Example There is evidence of forms of graffiti inside the Lascaux caves, which was carved into the wall using bones and stones. These days graffiti is created using markers, enamel paint, rollered throw-ups and stencils, though the traditional use of spray cans is considered by many graffiti artists as the most authentic. These methods catch the eye and communicate a message effectively in an expressive form. Graffiti can be emotional, ironic, humorous or even destructive and gives the artist a chance to express himself through his artwork. Many graffiti artists create tags or tagging, as they like to call it, which is there way of self-promotion. It involves writing your own name in your own graffiti style. Many people, in particular the older generation see graffiti as vandalism and even a protest against society, but is being individual and trying to seek recognition such a bad thing The desire to be noticed for having a particular talent should surely be praised rather than slandered. I am sure it is difficult to know where to draw the line on such a matter, but in all honesty graffiti is one of the best forms of publicity and communication within the design world. It can be created almost anywhere and many graffiti artists choose spots where people have to view their artwork, regardless of how dangerous or risky it is to 'get up' a piece there. For instance subways, trains, and buses are a high priority as every body uses public transport. Many Graffiti artists use strong form and ideas, and often combine irony and humor to create thought-provoking messages. Tristan Manco who has written a number of graffiti books including 'Stencil Graffiti,' says: "Street art is both an expression of our culture and a counterculture in itself. 'Communication' has become a modern mantra: the city streets shout with billboards, fly posters and corporate advertising, all vying for our attention. They almost invite a subversive response. As high-tech communications have increased, a low-tech reaction has been the recent explosion in street art." 1 Stencil Graffiti is becoming increasing more popular and has a powerful platform to create personal visions that interact with our daily lives. Stencil artists use fly posters/ stickers/collage/freehand and spray cans to create their artwork. A stencil can easily be formed on any surface within reason. It was introduced from the 1980s in Europe but was first experimented in the New York subways and again can be traced back to the beginning of time, from cave paintings. Leather stencils were used to decorate the insides of Egyptian pyramids and the Chinese used paper stencils to decorate silk and Buddha figures. It was these beautiful techniques that influenced stencil artwork in Europe during the medieval period. Church walls, floors and furniture were covered with fantastical stenciled materials. It is amazing what has been developed from what is thought to be one of the earliest art forms. As early as the 1950s and 1960s, American artists such as Robert Rauschenburg and Andy Warhol had developed new screen-printing techniques and visual ideas, which had a big impact on the art and design world. Their hybrid techniques labeled them forerunners of today's stencil graffiti artists. Warhol was a pop art

Motivation at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Motivation at work - Essay Example Thus the organization is able to increase the amount of profits it makes since it increases its level of customer satisfaction and retention (Pinder, 2008). From the article, it is a clear fact that motivation plays a significant role in fulfilling the promise for personal improvement as well as that of the organization. It is shown in the way that the employees at the WestLake Computing Corporation (WCC) are provided with diversity training programs that help them to know how to work within a workforce that is highly diverse. Usually the small problems that are identified within an organization serve as a greater revelation of the main issues that are affecting the overall performance of the organization. One of this is motivation, which although may appear to be a minor issue is a very relevant component towards the success of the organization. It thus reveals that there is a lot of motivation that still needs to be offered below the surface hence an indication of the high capability contained in each individual to perform extraordinarily. For instance, the employees in this organization are given the details, case applications or exa mples and regulation to provide employment regulations with which they raise their capabilities in dealing with different situations within an environment with multiple cultures (Pinder, 2008). The article provides a lot of insight regarding the need for motivation at the workplace in relation to the total organizational performance. It is also encouraging in the sense that it is written on a positive perspective and not with the intention to offer criticisms. In relation to the case, it helps to speed up most important issues within the organization that include the expansion of sales to international levels. According to the author, it is the organizational behavior class that helps individuals to point out towards some of the solutions

How to solve the Cost Crisis in Health Care Essay

How to solve the Cost Crisis in Health Care - Essay Example As far as the issue of measuring the cost of healthcare is concerned, the position taken by Kaplan and Porter will be agreed with since knowledge of the cost makes it possible to determine whether a person is getting value for money from healthcare expenditure (Harris & Lenox, 2013). In its current form, the United States healthcare system can be said to be suffering from a cost crisis that consists of both a system that is wrongly measured and one that is overly burdened on service users. In the opinion of Moran (2013) however, the best way to tackle the issue of cost crisis is to approach it from a more systematic perspective where the real quantum of cost put into the system can be found. From this position, the argument of Kaplan and Porter on the need for healthcare cost to experience cost reduction interventions will be agreed with. But as the authors themselves noted, it will be more important to know the real value of cost involved in healthcare delivery. This is because any form of rush to drastically reducing cost in the system may only be a way the whole country may be digging its own whole towards the reception of a ill-funded and thus a poor healthcare system (Ginter, Duncan and Swayne,

Genetic Modification of Human Beings is unaaceptable it strips the Research Paper

Genetic Modification of Human Beings is unaaceptable it strips the human race of individuality and human rights - Research Paper Example This takes place through manipulation of DNA in different ways to adjust to the intended purpose. This has made it possible to put traits of almost any organism (Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy 1). Most of the organisms are produced in large quantities after the process of transformation and improvement is done. On the other hand, the process has made it possible to create foods, pesticides, cells, tissues, and organs (Uzogara 180). The technique has been used mainly to change or alter the plants and animals we use today as food. On the other hand, there has been advancement of genetic modification in humans. In human, it is usually done to change non-functional or malfunctioning genes (Isasi, Nguyen and Knoppers 2). Moreover, such genes are manipulated or supplemented with health genes. In human, two categories of genetic modification are involved. These categories include somatic and germline modification (Isasi et al. 2). In somatic gene therapy, a gene or a gen e element is introduced into a tissue or organ in a human subject with the purpose of curing a disease (Isasi et al. 2). This process does not alter the genetic structure of future generations, as the altered genes do not exist in sexual eggs or sperms. On the other hand, there is germline gene therapy. This process involves the introduction of gene into germline cells (Isasi et al. 2). As a result, there is heritable changes and thus alters the resulting offspring (Gold and Carbone 1). For this reason, this technique has generated a serious debate due to its implementation in humans. Genetic Modification of Human Beings is unacceptable; it strips the human race of free choices, treats human as a commodity, loss of uniqueness and individuality, and leads to increased inequalities. Proofs Genetic modification leads to interference of freedom to make choices. This means that such person has no control making free choices in relation to the modified trait. This makes its inevitable for the person to avoid expressing such trait. The person who initiated the modification process controls the human future (Resnik and Vorhaus 5). For example, if the person is given the gene for specific skill such as football, he or she has no choice but to become a footballer. Moreover, the process limits the options of the person who is modified by limiting their scope of behaviors and life plans (Resnik and Vorhaus 5). This means that the life choices of such people are limited. For example, if there is a modification of a person height to increased height, such a person cannot become a jockey. Additionally, the person’s ability to make free choices is interfered with as the process increase parental expectations and demands (Resnik and Vorhaus 5). This means that their parents in a large percentage inherently limit their destiny. This is because such person life is artificially molded in the way that they could not have chosen (Seck 1). For example, a person with a gene fo r football talent will be under pressure from the parent to become a footballer. Secondly, genetic modification treats human as commodities. This is seen through children arising from the modification process. Such children are treated like products to be designed, perfected, manipulated, and controlled (Resnik and Vorhaus 8). This goes against the basic principle of having children as gifts. Therefore, the parents exercise control over their children to fulfill their own desires. The parent believes that this is possible through genetic control of their

Holidays Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Holidays Comparison - Essay Example The essay "Holidays Comparison" presents the comparison of two holidays - the ‘4th of July’ and the ‘Christmas’. As holidays make our lives interesting, therefore, it is very common for people to wait for upcoming holidays. The main difference between these holidays is that the nature of both holidays differs to a large extent if we take a closer look at the reason for which they are celebrated. Christmas holidays have their origin in the Christian religion and for this reason, Christmas holidays may be regarded as having a religious feel. They are a reflection of the Christian belief system. And the 4th of July has a patriotic feel since it relates to a historical achievement of the American people in the history. Another prominent difference is the weather that is associated with these holidays. The 4th of July and summer appear to be bonded together and hence the celebrations are in accordance to the warm weather. Christmas is during the cold part of the year and so Christmas is celebrated in warm clothes coupled with snow. As far as similarities are concerned, both holidays are well recognized throughout the nation and both have national acceptance and approval; so the whole nation celebrates them in a unified form. Both holidays serve to give the message of being united at the national level; an aspect that is important in the international scenario. Both holidays provide a means of interaction and recreation to the masses, who are otherwise absorbed in their busy daily lives throughout the year.

Critical Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Analysis - Coursework Example As noted in the article, the research provided seeks to make readers understand human behavior. Adese’s article focuses on the problems that people face because they are biracial. The article relates to me indirectly, because I have several biracial relatives who may perhaps feel the same way. In my view, Adese has written an excellent article, reflecting on issues of racism and economical status. I agree with the author on most of her views. However, there is one point that I chose to disagree with her. Adese points out in page 242 that she wonders how her life would have been like if she had not grown up thinking of herself in â€Å"parts† (Adem & Thompson, 2010). I think she should now focus more on how to embrace the positives and negatives of the two cultures. The author may perhaps have enhanced her methodological approach, if she conducted interviews from other people. Similar to Jennifer Adese, Danzy Senna also writes an article on children who grow up with similar experiences. There are two questions that arise after one reads her article. Would he views been different if raised from a different racial heritage? Are there positives of growing up as a biracial child? Like Adese, Danzy Senna also uses qualitative research method to portray the data she has researched on while growing up. The author who is also the researcher in this article is subjectively immersed in the topic of her discussion. From this reading, it is difficult to tell whether the author is happy as a biracial person. Senna’s reading also impacts on my experiences in an indirect way. I have friends who have both Mexican and black parents and do not have conflicting views. I find her statement true when she says that in the 1970s, black people connected on shared history and not based on color and hair texture as perceived by most people today (OHearn, 1998). The author uses this point effectively to show the racial issues that exists today and those