Outsourcing Strategies for Small Businesses MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Outsourcing Strategies for Small Businesses. Answer: Presentation: Business redistributing is whereby a business endeavor chooses to utilize an outsider to do its business tasks which would be done in the business condition. Normally, numerous organizations re-appropriate in light of the fact that they need to lessen their expenses of creation by diminishing the expenses caused when directing activities that don't assume an extraordinary job in keeping it showcase or keeping up its market position. Moreover, the redistributing choice is made by the size of the business just as the assets accessible for the business to use in its creation (Sonfield, 2014). Consequently, the business needs to choose what benefits it is likely going to get from the re-appropriating. Aside from setting aside expenses or cash, a few organizations likewise have the target of sparing time and assets that are accessible for use. By and large, re-appropriating is a movement that is completed by the majority of the data innovation organizations or different enterprises that f requently use data innovation to direct their business tasks. In spite of the way that it is useful for organizations to redistribute, the movement despite everything conveys a few difficulties and burdens that prove to be useful. Consequently, this exploration is certainly going to talk about the focal points and inconveniences of business re-appropriating. There are various sorts of re-appropriating forms which are: the back office redistributing and the front office re-appropriating. The back office redistributing offers the business a chance to control and oversee errands like data or information entering, preparing of the client installments, leading reviews, bookkeeping backing to give some examples of them (Awino et al, 2014). Along these lines, it by and large includes doing of exercises, for example, charging, buying and business activities the executives. The front office exercises incorporate completing client reactions for example through the telephone, messaging, text informing, fax, online networking reactions among different sorts of specialized techniques. In this way, it fundamentally manages the administrations that respect clients collaborations and client relations; for example advertising and specialized help perspectives. Purposes behind Business Outsourcing Similarly as referenced before, various organizations choose to re-appropriate in light of certain different reasons. Probably the most widely recognized explanations behind re-appropriating incorporate the accompanying: Want to spare creation costs through any methods conceivable, particularly in respect with overhead and work costs Want to spare time particularly the outer business activities To accomplish the target of productivity improvement To have the option to increment and improve its creation rates and levels To have the option to get an opportunity to concentrate and focus on its primary items or administrations just as its principle capacities as a business in that industry. Similarly as referenced before, business re-appropriating is a significant movement or practice for certain organizations. It is a business procedure that is equipped for helping a businesss capacities, procedures, tasks and choice to be utilized by different organizations. This implies they two gatherings need to make a concurrence with conditions and rules to hold fast to. In any case, redistributing is an extraordinary thought for certain organizations, it has its points of interest and weaknesses also simply like some other business procedure (Mugurusi et al, 2013). A large portion of these favorable circumstances and impediments identify with four of the principle business activities which are: the bookkeeping tasks, Sales, advertising and the human asset activities. In this way, coming up next are a portion of the points of interest and disservices. A few organizations re-appropriate to diminish the expense of doing a few activities. Accordingly, when a business redistributes, there is a high of it decreasing the expense of item or administration creation. This is just on the grounds that there will be less work costs for worker pay, spares office space and office costs, spares a lot of cash that would be utilized to cook for the representatives and some other gear or material required for their help (Whitley et al, 2011). In light of this, organizations can utilize the set aside cash to create and grow its tasks in numerous different territories that are increasingly significant. Concentrate On Core Business Operations A business can exist in its market for long just when it is fit for accomplishing an upper hand over its rivals in the market. This is handily accomplished when a business practices on a specific item or administration for explicit client or piece of the overall industry. Consequently, to have the option to accomplish this, a few organizations like to redistribute with the goal that they can have more opportunity to concentrate on their skill and center business activities. At the point when business doesn't re-appropriate, the odds of its fixation and center being coordinated towards another business or capacity is extremely high. Consequently, through re-appropriating, they can practice on their center activity which prompts more achievement and better target accomplishment. Numerous enormous business are separated into various offices or division that are liable for explicit obligations and duties. Nonetheless, other authoritative divisions require mastery, expertise and experience to be effective. A portion of these offices or viewpoints include: promoting division, bookkeeping office, deals office and the human asset offices. These are the absolute generally fundamental and touchy divisions of any business association (Lacity et al, 2013). In this manner their should be overseen and control by proficient work force so they can give the necessary outcomes or they can be compelling. Thusly, a business that redistributes for these or any of these divisions will unquestionably build the nature of its item or administration. For example, a few organizations may come up short on the assets to employ an individual HR supervisory crew. Subsequently, it gets simpler for the business to work intimately with a selecting office who are fit for helping the busines s in recruiting of the representatives. The business ought to subsequently guarantee that the organization is qualified and has the experience of recruiting for the places that it needs. In any case, for this situation the business should plainly recognize and express its necessities, interests and needs from the up-and-comers. In this sort of procedure, the office or enrolling association gets paid just when they have finished the employing procedure. This is corresponding to the way that the business won't manage the specialist organizations. By thinking about consumer loyalty, it identifies with the way that the business will have the option to get prepared and experienced faculty to work for it. Essentially, this is in respect with the representatives who will manage clients straightforwardly. Along these lines, during re-appropriating process, the business just recruits a seller who thusly gives the duty of managing clients to its representatives. Along these lines, on the off chance that one of the representatives doesn't appear for work, the merchant assume up the liability of supplanting the representatives without anyone else. This essentially implies the merchant is bound to certain assistance levels and quality. Accordingly, they ought to guarantee that the administrations are over the predetermined rates or rather don't go underneath those levels. Along these lines, with this, the businesss client relations are probably going to improve and their fulfillment will increment too. This is surely a direct result of the high help norms, high capabilities, gifted, experienced and high skill administration guidelines being utilized in the creation procedure. Lead To Improved Efficiency Levels Through redistributing, organizations persuade a chance to be engaged with numerous different organizations. In this way, they can be locked in with various specific frameworks that are equipped for improving its proficiency underway. At the point when organizations utilize present day innovation and improved interior frameworks to run their activities, at that point their viability and their effectiveness levels will build (Potkany et al, 2016). In this manner, with redistributing, organizations can learn new thoughts and know new innovative frameworks that can build their creation and along these lines improve its efficiency. With the utilization of such frameworks, the business activities become simple and can be done at a quicker rate. At the point when business take part in redistributing process, they can get countless business merchants who can offer them the administration they need. This implies the business is the one that needs to pick whether to enlist the merchant or not. Nonetheless, the business ought to likewise consider the way that the decision ought to be founded on the sellers experience, information, ability and mastery and administration pertinence to the business activities. All things considered, the business would be certain and clear about whatever help it needs and whatever target they are intending to accomplish (Dekker et al, 2016). At the point when organizations redistribute, they find the opportunity to pick and be adaptable about what which merchant they need as indicated by its significance to the businesss activities. There are different favorable circumstances that collect to business redistributing process, similar to: speed up and administration offering, simple access to present day and trend setting innovation and specialized help, prompts powerful, effective, snappy and exact business detailing particularly with regards to monetary reports and market examination reports, causes business to spare assets that are identified with staffing, representative preparing and worker support. At the point when a business re-appropriates a specific assistance from an alternate business, there might be language obstruction particularly between the client and the worker. Notwithstanding that, the language obstruction can likewise influence the correspondence between different workers with the redistributed representative. This is likely going to frustrate powerful and productive correspondence in the association which may later prompt business disappointment. For example, in a client

Benthams Principle Of Utility And Moral Ethics Philosophy Essay

Benthams Principle Of Utility And Moral Ethics Philosophy Essay Can be characterized as those standards on which our ethical choices are based. Morals are the feeling of good and bad, great and wickedness, qualities and obligation. Subsequently it is considered as a significant part of reasoning. It very well may be portrayed as the study of human obligation. These morals are in this way the estimation by which an individual is reviewed as being acceptable, awful and malicious. In straightforward terms moral morals are only the set of accepted rules chose by every individual for oneself for working in this world and individual beings.â Moral morals are shaped from the commitments and obligations of an individual in the general public. It's not possible for anyone to compel an individual to hold fast to moral morals. For example in the event that an individual sees a mishap casualty lying out and about it is his ethical ethic to assist the person in question however in the event that he decides to not do as such, at that point no social establishment can rebuff him for this reluctance. In this way these morals are relative and abstract Utilitarianism is a regularizing moral hypothesis that puts the locus of good and bad exclusively on the results (outcomes) of picking one activity/strategy over different activities/strategies. In that capacity, it moves past the extent of ones own advantages and considers the interests of others Benthams Principle of Utility Perceives the major job of torment and delight in human life, favors or dislikes an activity based on the measure of torment or joy realized i.e., outcomes, likens great with joy and underhandedness with torment, and declares that joy and agony are equipped for evaluation Act and Rule Utilitarianism We can apply the rule of utility to either PARTICULAR ACTIONS or GENERAL RULES. The previous is called act-utilitarianism and the last is called rule-utilitarianism. Act-utilitarianismâ The standard of utility is applied legitimately to every elective demonstration in a circumstance of decision. The correct demonstration is then characterized as the one which achieves the best outcomes (or minimal measure of terrible outcomes). Rule-utilitarianismâ The standard of utility is utilized to decide the legitimacy of rules of direct (moral standards). A standard like guarantee keeping is set up by taking a gander at the results of a world in which individuals broke guarantees freely and a world wherein guarantees were authoritative. Good and bad are then characterized as observing or disrupting those norms.  Deontological Theories Having quickly investigated deontologists foil, significance speculations of act assessment, we go now to inspect deontological hypotheses. As opposed to significance speculations, deontological hypotheses judge the ethical quality of decisions by rules unique in relation to the conditions of undertakings those decisions realize. Generally, deontologists of all stripes hold that a few decisions can't be legitimized by their belongings that regardless of how ethically great their outcomes, a few decisions are ethically taboo. On deontological records of profound quality, operators can't settle on certain unfair decisions regardless of whether by doing so the quantity of improper decisions will be limited (on the grounds that different specialists will be kept from taking part in comparative unjust decisions). For deontologists, what settles on a decision right is its similarity with an ethical standard. Such standards are to be just obeyed by every ethical specialist; such standard ke epings are not to be amplified by every operator. In this sense, for deontologists, the Right has need over the Good. On the off chance that a demonstration isn't as per the Right, it may not be attempted, regardless of the Good that it may deliver.  Ethical pride  Is the prescriptive regulation that all people should act from their own personal circumstance? Individual moral selfishness  Is the conviction that solitary I should act from the intention of personal circumstance, nothing is expressed about what thought processes others should act from. Individual moral vanity  Is the prescriptive teaching that all people should serve my personal circumstance? All inclusive moral egoismâ Is the all inclusive regulation that all people should seek after their own advantages solely? PC History The improvement of the cutting edge PC was the consequence of advances in innovations and keeps an eye on need to evaluate. Papyrus helped early man to record language and numbers. The math device was one of the main checking machines. A portion of the prior mechanical checking machines came up short on the innovation to make the plan work. For example, some had parts made of wood before metal control and assembling. Envision the wear on wooden riggings. This history of PCs site incorporates the names of early pioneers of math and processing. What is a Computer? A PC is an electronic gadget, which executes programming programs. It comprises of 2 sections equipment and programming. The PC forms contribution through information gadgets like mouse and console. The PC shows yield through yield gadgets like shading screen and printer. The size of a PC changes significantly from extremely little to huge. The speed of PCs likewise has an extremely huge range. PCs have gotten imperative in todays world Employments of COMPUTER Word Processingâ Word Processing programming consequently revises spelling and syntax botches. In the event that the substance of a record rehashes you dont need to type it each time. You can utilize the reorder highlights. You can printout archives and make a few duplicates. It is simpler to peruse a word-handled report than a written by hand one. You can add pictures to your record. Scientific Calculationsâ On account of PCs, which have figuring paces of over a million estimations for every subsequent we can play out the greatest of numerical computations. Arranging and Schedulingâ Programming can be utilized to store contact data, producing plans, booking arrangements and cutoff times. Hindrance of USING COMPUTER Computerâ addictionâ Is a moderately new term used to depict a reliance on ones computer. Computer addiction is not restricted toâ personal computers (PCs). It covers computer games and the Internet and has just been given a mark by analysts, to be specific Internetâ addictionâ disorder. Fanatical playing of disconnected PC games, for example, Solitaire or Minesweeper, or over the top PC programming. Cybersex Addiction Impulsive utilization of Internet sex entertainment, grown-up visit rooms, or grown-up dream pretend destinations affecting contrarily on genuine personal connections. Digital Relationship Addictionâ Dependence on long range interpersonal communication, visit rooms, and informing to where virtual, online companions become more significant than genuine associations with loved ones. PC morals PC morals is set of good rules that manage the utilization of PCs. Some regular issues of PC morals incorporate protected innovation rights, (for example, copyrighted electronic substance), security concerns, and how PCs influence society. For instance, while it is anything but difficult to copy copyrighted electronic (orâ digital) content, PC morals would recommend that it isn't right to do as such without the creators endorsement. And keeping in mind that it might be conceivable to get to someones individual data on a PC framework, PC morals would prompt that such an activity is deceptive. As innovation propels, PCs keep on greaterly affecting society. In this manner, PC morals advances the conversation of how much impact PCs ought to have in regions, for example, computerized reasoning and human correspondence. As the universe of PCs develops, PC morals keeps on making moral principles that address new issues raised by new advances. Is another part of morals that is developing and changing quickly as PC innovation likewise develops and create. Code of morals in utilizing PC Data put away on the PC ought to be treated as genuinely as composed or verbally expressed word. Protection ought not be abused. In the event of scholarly use, it is known copyright infringement. Data from open survey ought not be changed or erase or blocked off since there are consider as dangerous act. Meddlesome programming, for example, worm and infections which are dangerous to the PC framework is additionally illicit. Sending disgusting and unrefined messages through mail or talk is additionally prohibited. Moral principles for PC client Try not to utilize PC to hurt different clients Try not to utilize PC to take other data Try not to get to a document without the consent of the proprietor Try not to duplicate copyrighted programming without the creators authorization Continuously regard copyright law and arrangements Regard protection of others, similarly as you anticipate the equivalent from the others Focal points OF USING COMPUTER All out accessibility of any data you could need. Statements, history, books from the library, news stories, various feelings and perspectives, quick news, reference books, data accessible that may have taken you weeks or years to find on the off chance that you needed to look through changed sources and areas. You can discover plans on the web. You can talk with individuals, while doing different things. You would now be able to watch recordings, and tune in to a wide range of music. You can visit data assets, gatherings, contemplates, and so on. You can find out about clinical issues, and lawful issues. You can go to class on the web. You can compose a sonnet, a story, a book, a content. You can make a full-highlight film. You can create music. You can sift through your thoughts. Deal with your cash. Do your banking. Sort out your activity. Purchase show passes. Purchase for all intents and purposes anything you can envision on the web. Use PC to cover all utilities tabs in 15 mins which would take over an hour to go to the mail station to make installment in line. Keep an individual journal. Mess around. Concoct and make new games and projects. Find intriguing things, or see different nations. Learn. Develop. Cooperate. MORAL PCs today are one of the significant things we are utilizing. They have helped a ton in arranging a great deal information which used to be in hard records. One of the utilizations or advantages of PCs is that they

A QA for Deferred Students

A QA for Deferred Students Hi Everyone, I was just taking a look at some of the questions on the open blog threads, and since there were so many questions regarding deferred applicants, I thought I should post a quick QA about what to do going forward as a deferred applicant. We will (as always) release admissions statistics once theyre compiled. This year I can tell you that we had over 6500 EA applications and have admitted 650 applicants early. It continues to be a great pool of motivated and successful students. Anyway, on to the questions: Its over! No one gets in RA after theyve been deferred, right? Not true. We need to look at your application again and consider it in the context of the Regular Action period. Last year there were over 220 deferred applications from the EA pool that ended up getting admitted. It could be more or less this year; it depends on how the pool looks. Basically, if youve been deferred you are now officially a member of the RA pool with no underlying benefits or disadvantages in already having your application read. What should I do now? Should I send in extra materials? The only thing we ask that you do is complete the Midyear Report, which will be available on MyMIT in January. On the Midyear Report, you will provide us with your updated grades (your semester grades are very important, so keep working hard!) as well as a text box for any other updates youd like to provide (new awards, changes to your activities, etc.). We will accept updates in other formats, including mail and email, but the Admissions Committee will primarily look to the Midyear Report for your updates. What is the Midyear Report? The Midyear Report (MYR) is an online form that is required for all applicants, including Early Action deferred applicants and Regular Action applicants. The Midyear Report will be available on your MyMIT account in January and should be completed as soon as possible after completion of the fall semester, second quarter, or first trimester (or whatever equivalent your school system might have).?? It also includes a text box for you to update us on anything important that has occurred since you submitted your application. Using the Midyear Report is preferred, and a lot faster than mailed updates. Should I send in a whole new version of my application, or all new essays? No. You do not need to improve your application, or redo/edit/modify part or all of your application. You were deferred because your application was already strong enough to make you a contender in the Regular Action round. Let your application stand. What about extra essays, recommendations, etc? You may send along anything that you feel would be helpful to the committee. We do not expect or require any of these things. Simply sending in additional materials does not by itself increase your chances of admission. If you do decide that you absolutely need to send something in, other than your Midyear Report, make sure you get it in as soon as possible. Please include the Supplemental Document Cover Form (from your MyMIT account) with any such documents that you fax or mail to us. What about new test scores? If you are taking additional tests in December or January, you can include MIT as a score recipient and we will consider any new scores. Can I call admissions to find out The Reason why I was deferred? If you call in, we will not be able to tell you the reason why you were deferred, or what needs to be improved, simply because things are much more complex than just one reason why you were deferred. In fact, there will likely be nothing at all missing or needing improvement in your application. Honestly, most applications we see are very strong we just need to find the ones we think will fit best into this years class. Thanks and good luck

A False Image Of Freedom The American Dream - 1515 Words

A False Image of Freedom: The American Dream The American Dream has been a beacon of hope for people in the US for decades now, and has inspired them to seek a lifestyle that excels their current one. However, this idealistic belief possesses a biased and dishonest nature that is undetectable to those blinded by this idea . F. Scott Fitzgerald, through his novel The Great Gatsby, lifts the veil on this American Nightmare, and shows readers it’s true nature. Rooted directly to the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the concept of the American Dream claims that all men are born equal and possess the right to pursue happiness through hard work and dedication. In spite of its reputation, this false perception of freedom, in many cases, is unjust, futile, and more closely related to one’s relations rather than dedication. In accordance to the setting of The Great Gatsby, the postulate that states everyone has an equal chance at achieving the American Dream is proven false, as one’s gender and ethnicity can greatly alter their chances at success. In The Great Gatsby, an overall disrespect is held for those with a different cultural background, compared to the background of the main characters, preventing them from achieving the American Dream. Tom Buchanan is one of the characters that directly expresses his feelings on different cultural backgrounds through his words to other characters. He considers himself to be â€Å"the dominant race† (13), and expresses his negative feelingsShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream977 Words   |  4 PagesThe American dream is a subjective idea that can mean money and fame for some or just the idea of freedom to others. What we believe is our path to reach this dream determines whether or not we are blinded by corporations’ image of the â€Å"American Dream†. Corporation’s main goal is to subtly coerce consumers into believing in the corporate world’s idea of the â€Å"Americ an Dream†. They accomplish this by placing consumer’s into general categories which depicts how they will consume and place them in aRead MoreThe American Dream : A New Nation1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe American dream is an ideology that has been around, known, and praised for a long time. It is an aspiration many long to achieve and protect with their lives. A story that has been written out for us and embed in our minds. As children, we begin school and are taught the pledge of allegiance and how important it is for everyone to take a moment to praise and thank what the nation for what it has to offer. We rise and hold this belief too our hearts looking upon the flag representing our nationRead More Power of Langston Hughes Harlem (A Dream Deferred) Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesPower of Langston Hughes Harlem (A Dream Deferred) In our journey through life, we all have certain expectations of how we would like our lives to be. All of us strive to reach a certain level of self-actulization and acceptance. It could thus be said that all of us live a dream. Some of these individual dreams inevitably become the collective dream of many people. In Harlem (A Dream Deferred), Langston Hughes makes use of symbolism as well as powerful sensory imagery to show us the emotionsRead MoreThe Corrupt American Dream By F. Scott Fitzgerald1034 Words   |  5 PagesKolinski AP English 11 3 March 2016 The Corrupt American Dream The American Dream is defined as the â€Å"idea that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative† (Adams). This idea has been relevant to Americans ever since the creation of the United States of America. Everyone has their own interpretation of it and embody it in their own way. Over time, the American Dream has been altered and changed in regards to howRead MoreDeath of a Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller836 Words   |  4 Pageswith his brother, Ben, to seek his fortune. He changed his mind when he encountered a salesman who was loved and remembered by everyone. He thought that because the other salesman was successful, he would be as well. As a result, he gave up his own dream in order to follow someone else’s. Loman has two sons, whom he only wants the best for, but has always pushed his warped formula for success on them. For example, he pressures his oldest son, Biff, to be popular, athletic, and strong because he assumesRead MoreGish Jen’s novel Typical American Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesGish Jen’s novel Typical American A mother drives her three kids to soccer practice in a Ford minivan while her husband stays at the office, rushing to finish a report. Meanwhile, a young woman prays her son makes his way home from the local grocery without getting held up at knife point by the local gang. Nearby, an immigrant finishes another 14-hour shift at the auto parts factory, trying to provide for his wife and child, struggling to make way in a new land. Later, a city girl hails a cabRead MoreThe American Dream : The Greatest Country On Earth Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesNational Convention. She is indefinitely describing the United States of America, however there are many that would say the contrary. Yet there is no denying America’s greatness and accomplishments, is the American Dream that gives its country the valor and beauty it wears actually true? The American Dream serves as the foundation of ideals that cloaks the nation, and inspires the belief that anyone is able to build themselves a better future from the bottom up through hard work and determination by theRead MoreSeptember 11, 2001. A National Newspaper Journalist Had1132 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 11, 2001. A national newspaper journalist had taken an infamous image during the destruction of the attacks on the twin towers. The image depicted an unknown man jump from one of the towers, choosing which way he wanted to die, because he was going to even if he didn t jump. The image was published in a newspaper the next day, shocking the nation. This upset the nation, due to the insensitivity of the produced image and story, as well as the alarming position that the unknown man was inRead MoreLangston Hughes Let America Be America Again Poem Analysis1122 Words   |  5 Pageshis is a household name. There is no doubt that his words have power. The reader expects to feel his experience and gain empathy and understanding through his poetry. In his poem, â€Å"Let America Be America Again,† Hughes pres ents his experience of American life in a powerful contrast to the experience of others. Perhaps there is also power in the unexpected. The Red Hot Chili Peppers, an alternative rock band, write about their own experiences, ranging from party life to love but also social issuesRead MoreBeing Born Into A Social Class1203 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes the upper class, the middle class and lower class. These classes have defined the economic ladder for generations. America has also held the false belief of upward mobility, which is the idea that one person can rise up the economic ladder and that each generation has become better equipped to greater the economy is a falsehood. The average American will not jump economic classes, and the stories of those who do are very rare. The media focus on big business, salaries, extravagant celebrities

The Role of International Law In The Development of The Concept of Human Rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2525 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Explain and evaluate the role of International Law in the development of the concept of human rights. A. Introduction The need of co-operation and mutual development has lead the countries of the international community to create a legislative net which would have as basic task the regulation of the relationships between them. At a next level, the bodies that were created to handle these provisions and to supervise their application faced the problem of the absence of a suitable legal environment that could guarantee and protect their operation. The only solution seemed to be the extension of the law provisions that regulated the relationships between the States to these international bodies. In this way, the international law was constructed and came into force for every issue that presented elements of international character. We should notice that the international law is no longer restricted to the above described area, but it has been extended so that it can offer protection against criminal actions that are taken place against the humanity even if these actions are made by individuals. The judicial body that has the responsibility of this task is the International Criminal Court. Although the protection of the human rights has always been a priority – as declared – both to the nationals and the international law, there are certain circumstances under which the application of the law is becoming difficult and sometimes it is finally avoided. This is often explicated as a result of a ‘precautionary politic’ that is necessary in order to protect the human rights of the majority of residents of a state. One of the recent measures that have been applied towards this purpose is the detention of a person for reasons of safety of the public and with no relevant decision or order of a court. According to R.K.M. Smith (2005, p.240), the deprivation of a person’s liberty can only be acceptable when there are serious reasons that impose the detention as the only suitable measure. In any case, the whole procedure has to be done in accordance with the relevant legal provisions. There are also a series of human rights that are constantly threatened by the actions of states or individuals. Furthermore, there are a lot of cases that this threat has been developed into a violation due to the absence of specific authorities for such a task. The international bodies (authorized by the international law to manage its provisions and to guarantee the protection of the human rights for the international community) can only handle a small number of relevant reports based on the reports of the states on specific facts of violations (or threats) of human rights. The role of these bodies, although can be characterized as very important, is very limited and is being formulated under the pressures of the current economic and political powers. However, according to M. O’ Flaherty (2002, p.1-2) the reporting procedure to a non-governmental organization can help the State to clarify the problem (when constructi ng an analytical report for the case) and perhaps come to a solution without the interference of the NGO. In case that the State itself cannot resolve the problem, then it can report it to an international body and in this way it will have the support and the advice of a team of international experts. Although it seems that the difficulties following the application of the international law tend to grow in strength and number, the efforts of the international community have helped the creation of a legal basis for the protection of the human rights and, in some cases, have succeeded a satisfactory restoration of the damage caused by the rights’ violations. B. Legislation related with the protection of the human rights – national and international law In UK the basic legislation concerning the Human Rights protection is the Human Rights Act of 1998 whilst a lot of other Acts have been signed in order to cover specific problems related to the recognition and the protection of the above rights. According to article 2 of the Human Rights Act of 1998 ‘Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by the law’ (article 2, par.1). This article presents the general borders of the legislation aims and creates an obligation for the authorities and the individuals to respect a person’s life and existence. The articles that follow this fundamental provision are being addressed towards particular rights and freedoms of a person, like the right to liberty and security (article 5), the right to a fair trial (article 6), the right to respect for private and family life (article 8), the freedom of thought, conscience and religion (article 9), the freedom of expression (article 10), the freedom of assembly and association (article 11), the right to an effective remedy (article 13) and so on (see 1580 [2004], R (on the application of Trailer and Marina (Levin) Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and another, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, 19 [2005], R (on the application of Hoxha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (on the application of B) v Secretary of State for the Home Department and 1658 [2004], R (on the application of Clays Lane Housing Co-Operative Limited) v The Housing Corporation, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, 1748 [2004], Malcolm v Benedict Mackenzie (A firm) and Another, Court of Appeal, Civil Division and 2866 [2004], W v Westminster City Council and Others, Queen’s Bench Division. There are also articles that do not offer a right but they impose a behaviour that have to be in accordance with the terms included in them. In this way, it is stated that the torture, the slavery and the forced labour are absolutely prohibited (articles 3, 4) whilst no punishment should take place without lawful authority (prerequisite for a punishment that the action made was recognized as a criminal one at the time that the crime was made, article 7). It is also stated that any discrimination and any restriction on political activity of aliens should be avoided (articles 14, 16). The above general Act has been interpreted and completed through other Acts that have been signed in order to provide sufficient protection of the rights in cases that are characterized by complexity and ambiguity. As an example we could mention the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, which introduces alterations to the right of the liberty of a person as it is described by article 5 of the Convention for the Human Rights, by permitting the detention of a person in cases when the existing evidence is enough to create the suspicion of a behaviour that could be a threat for the lives of other people (for the public). The very important element, which is introduced with the above Act, is that the existence of a relevant Court decision is not necessary. Other amendments to the Human Rights Act of 1998 are contained in the following Acts: the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Appropriation Act 2005 and the Asylum and Immigration Act 2004 (see 19 [2005], R (on the application of Hoxha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (on the application of B) v Secretary of State for the Home Department). In the level of European Union, the basic legislation concerning the human rights is the European Convention for the Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of 1948. The above convention has been amended by a series of protocols (no. 4, 6, 7, 11 and 12) and it presents the basic rules on which the national legislations of the member states should be adapted. The article 2 of the above Convention recognizes the right to life for every person and the following articles are covering the rest of the human rights’ areas of application, such as: the liberty (article 5), the private and family life (article 8), the thought, the conscience and the religion (article 9), the expression (article 10) and so on. Like the Human Rights Act of 1998 (UK) the European Convention, also imposes certain obligations regarding the application of the human rights, like the prohibition of torture (article 3), the prohibition of slavery and forced labour (article 4), the prohibition of discrimination (article 14), the prohibition of restrictions on political activity of aliens (article 16) and so on. The protocol No. 4 to the above Convention referred to specific areas of human rights, like the freedom of movement (article 2) and the right to keep the personal liberty in cases that there is a debt (prohibition of imprisonment for debt, article 1). The basic provision of the protocol No. 6 to the Convention is the abolition of the death penalty (article 1 of the protocol) whilst the protocol No. 7 to the Convention contained provisions that were related with the rights of a person facing a criminal punishment (articles 2-4) and with the private law character – rights of the spouses (article 5). A series of relevant decis ions have been published accordingly like: C-17/98, Emesa Sugar (Free Zone) NV v. Aruba, C-112/98, Mannesmannrohren-Werke AG v. Commission of the European Communities, C-274/99, Bernard Connolly v. Commission of the European Communities and T-9/99, HFB Holding fur Fernwarmetechnik Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH Co KG and Others v. Commission of the European Communities. In addition to the above provisions, the international community has actively participated in the protection of human rights by the creation of a legal environment that can guarantee the avoidance of extremely violations of the rights and an independent (to the measure that this is achievable) valuation of the problem in cases that are brought before the relevant Bodies through the states’ reports. C. Problems related with the recognition and the protection of Human Rights by the international law Human Rights are by their nature a sensitive and transparent element of a person’s life. Although t here are a lot of legislative work made for their protection, the scope and the objectives of the relevant provisions have not been fulfilled. The victims of the violations of the human rights are by fact the persons that present a weakness, physical, mental, of gender, of colour, of nationality or of other kind. The first to be violated are usually the children who although suffering are by nature unable to stand for their right. The person who is responsible for their protection has not, in many cases, the strength or the means to achieve such a task and the violation can continue for a long time. Smith A. (2004) examines the types of the offences that occur against the children and refers to specific problem that of the recruitment of children as soldiers. In her paper, she examines the legal aspects of the specific crime and presents the reasoning used by the Court to establish its decision in a specific case (Hinga Norman, 14/2004, Special Court for Siera Leone). After careful consideration, the Court decided that the recruitment of children to work of such a kind could attract individual criminal responsibility for the persons that were involved to this activity. On the other hand there are many reasons that could explain the difficulties that occur to the application of the international law provisions that are referring to the children.   Bhabha J. (2002) sees as a possible reason the general disadvantage of the children as a vulnerable and she argues that separated children can be accepted as an asylum seeker to a developed country but there are little guarantees for their safety at a next level. In a previous paper, Bhabha (Bhabha J., Young, W., 1999) had examined the conditions under which the children as unaccompanied asylum seekers are granted asylum according to the relevant U.S. guidelines. One of the most important development included in the new provisions, was the possibility of appointment of an individual as a guardian of a child until th e relevant process is being finished. Furthermore, the violation of women’s rights (especially of their human rights) is constant and extended in multiple levels. Ankenbrand (2002) examined the position women seeking asylum under the German Law. He present the claims of women that are found in this position and he come to the conclusion that although the revision of the existing law has been admitted as necessary from the relevant legal bodies, there is not a positive activity to that direction. The violation of the right of religion seems to have been extended and the main problem is that of the specific description of the conditions that constitute a ‘religious practice’. Musalo (2004) argues that the prosecution for reasons of religious beliefs cannot be clearly defined today which comes in contrast to the simplicity of the relevant terms that the 1951 Convention had adopted. A very important matter related to the protection of the human rights is tha t of the extension of the relevant provisions of the international law. McGoldrick (2004) accepts that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) should be characterized as the basic institutional body regarding the supervision on the application of the terms of the international treaties that have been signed for the human rights. As of the specific category of refugees, the protection of their rights in the interior of the States is guaranteed by the operation of special institutional bodies that are authorized to examine each case that is being reported to them and proceed to a solution in the legal frame that has been indicated from the law for the specific problems. As an example, Daley (K. Daley, N. Kelley, 2000) refers to the existing relevant bodies in Canada, which are the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB), the Convention Refugee Determination Division (CRDD) and, of course, the higher courts of the state that have the jurisdiction to review the deci sions of the CRDD. The main problem related with the application of the international law in the area of human rights seems to be the extension of the phenomenon of violation of these rights. Due to the difficult and complex economic and political environment of many states around the world, the supervision of the application of the Human Rights’ provisions is usually impossible. The most common route for a problem to be put under examination and to be given a resolution is usually the report that a state submits regarding a specific fact of violation of rights. But the volume of work and the depth of the problem (which needs to be analyzed and examined in detail) prevent the permanent resolution of it and the solution that is been proposed to the state has usually a provisional character. D. Conclusion The recognition and the protection of the human rights have been the subject and the aim of a lot of legislative provisions both to the national and to the internatio nal area. The relevant laws have achieved to cover – at least from a scientific point of view – almost all the aspects of the problem. However, the weakness of the law – and mostly of the international one – seems to be the absence of stability regarding the procedures followed, the penalties that are imposed and the speed in providing a resolution at every case that is brought to the international institutional bodies. On the other hand, the existence of a series of authorities that are responsible for the application of the international law and their power to impose punishment when a violation occurs, create the image of a well-organized and powerful society, which can provide to its citizen the security and the protection they need to survey. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role of International Law In The Development of The Concept of Human Rights" essay for you Create order

No Se Free Essays

Chapter 12 Basic Approaches to Leadership MULTIPLE CHOICE What Is Leadership? 1. John Kotter’s view argues that management focuses on coping with complexity, whereas leadership focuses on coping with _____. a. We will write a custom essay sample on No Se or any similar topic only for you Order Now conflict b. success c. defeat d. morale e. change (e; Moderate; Management and Leadership; p. 385) 2. Which of the following roles focuses on bringing about order and consistency by drawing up formal plans? a. leadership b. management c. task structure d. initiating structure e. none of the above (b; Easy; Management; p. 385) 3. Leadership is best defined as _____. a. he ability to influence a group in goal achievement b. keeping order and consistency in the midst of change c. implementing the vision and strategy provided by management d. coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems e. not a relevant variable in modern organizations (a; Moderate; Leadership; p. 385) 4. Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true? a. All leaders are managers. b. Formal rights enable managers to lead effectively. c. All managers are leaders. d. All leaders are hierarchically superior to followers. . Nonsanctioned leadership is as important as or more i mportant than formal influence. (e; Challenging; Leadership; p. 386) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} Trait Theories 5. Which theory differentiates leaders from nonleaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics? a. Fiedler’s perspective b. characteristic theory c. LPC d. contingency theory e. trait theory (e; Easy; Trait Theories; p. 386) 6. According to a comprehensive review of the leadership literature, what is the most important trait of effective leaders? a. conscientiousness b. openness c. extraversion d. greeableness e. emotional stability (c; Easy; Big Five and Trait Theories; p. 386) 7. Recent studies indicate that ________ may indicate effective leadership. a. an endless supply of terrific ideas b. a compelling vision c. a highly analytical mind d. outstanding training e. emotional intelligence (e; Easy; Emotional Intelligence and Trait Theories; p. 387) 8. Emotional intelligence is so critical to effective leadership because one of its core components is ___ _____. a. conscientiousness b. empathy c. openness d. extraversion e. agreeableness (b; Easy; Trait Theories; p. 387) 9. There is fairly strong evidence that traits can predict _____ more accurately than leadership effectiveness. a. leadership emergence b. extraversion in leaders c. leadership awareness d. leadership competence e. the conscientiousness of leaders (a; Moderate; Trait Theories; p. 388) Behavioral Theories 10. Trait research suggests that we focus on _____, whereas behavioral studies imply that we can effectively _____. a. teaching people certain traits; teach people certain behaviors b. selecting the right person for a job; train leaders c. changing jobs to suit people; change people to suit jobs d. raining new employees; dispense with training e. identifying certain traits in leaders; ignore leaders’ traits (b; Moderate; Trait Theories versus Behavioral Theories; p. 389) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 11. If trait theories of leadership are valid, then leaders are _____. a. trained b. born c. authoritarian d. educated e. grown (b; Moderate; Trait Theories; p. 389) 12. If behavioral lea dership theories are correct, then _____. a. leadership behaviors are consistent b. leaders are born with leadership behaviors c. leaders’ behavior should be altered d. leadership can be taught e. omen generally make better leaders than men (d; Moderate; Behavioral Theories; p. 389) 13. Which of the following is not a behavioral theory of leadership? a. Ohio State studies b. Fiedler model c. University of Michigan studies d. managerial grid e. All of the above are behavior theories of leadership. (b; Moderate; Behavioral Theories; pp. 389-390) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 14. The two dimensions of leadership behavior explained in the Ohio State studies are _____. a. coercion and motivation b. concern for people and concern for production c. employee-oriented and production-oriented d. nitiating structure and consideration e. operant conditioning and classical conditioning (d; Moderate; Ohio State Studies; p. 389) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 15. According to the Ohio State studies, t he extent to which a leader’s behavior is directed toward getting the job done is called _____. a. consideration b. maximization c. relationship-oriented d. path-goal e. initiating structure (e; Moderate; Initiating Structure; p. 389) 16. A leader high in initiating structure would do which of the following? a. seek consensus b. exhibit laissez-faire type of leadership c. maximize leader-member relations d. ssign group members to particular tasks e. empower employees to make their own decisions (d; Moderate; Initiating Structure; p. 389) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 17. According to the Ohio State studies, the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust and respect for his/her employees is _____. a. consideration b. matrix c. consensus-building d. LPC e. maximization (a; Moderate; Consideration; p. 389) 18. The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are _____. a. coercion and motivation b. emotional and rational c. mployee-oriented and production-oriented d. initiating structure and consideration e. initiation and completion (c; Moderate; University of Michigan Studies; p. 390) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 19. The University of Michigan studies define a(n) _____ leader as one who takes personal interest in the needs of his/her subordinates. a. LMX b. contextual c. employee-oriented d. consensus-building e. consummate (c; Moderate; Employee-Oriented Leaders; p. 390) 20. If a leader’s main concern is accomplishing his/her group’s tasks, the University of Michigan studies label this leader _____. a. consideration-oriented . managerial c. ineffective d. high achieving e. production-oriented (e; Moderate; Production-Oriented Leaders; p. 390) 21. According to University of Michigan researchers, which type of leaders is associated with higher group productivity and higher job satisfaction? a. situational b. employee-oriented c. production-oriented d. initiating structure-oriented e. heliocentric (b; Moderate; Employee-Oriented Leaders; p. 390) 22. The graphic portrayal of a two-dimensional view of leadership style by Blake and Mouton is known as the _____. a. least preferred co-worker scale b. leader-participation model c. utocratic-democratic continuum d. managerial grid e. matrix of discretion (d; Easy; Managerial Grid; p. 390) 23. According to the Managerial Grid, managers perform best using which of the following styles? a. 9,9 b. consideration c. contingency d. development-oriented e. rigid (a; Moderate; Managerial Grid; p. 390) 24. According to Blake and Mouton, a leader with a 9,1 style can best be described as a(n) ____ type of leader. a. visionary b. laissez-faire c. authority d. effusive e. contrasting (c; Moderate; Managerial Grid; p. 390) Contingency Theories: Fiedler Model and Situational Leadership Theory 5. All contingency theories are based on the idea that effective leadership performance depends on _____. a. the proper m atch between the leader’s style and the control the situation gives the leader b. selecting the right leadership style based on the level of the followers’ readiness c. using a leadership style that is appropriate to the situational conditions d. making use of the best path for the goal that is identified e. none of the above (c; Challenging; Contingency Models; p. 392) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 26. Who proposed a contingency theory? a. Fiedler b. Surber c. Grey . Deickman e. Swartz (a; Easy; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) 27. The first comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by _____. a. Hersey and Blanchard b. Blake and Mouton c. Fred Fiedler d. John Kotter e. Douglas Surber (c; Moderate; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) 28. Which model represents the theory that effective group performance depends on the proper match between a leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader? a. Leader-Member Exchange Model b. Fiedler’s Contingency Model c. Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Model d. Vroom and Yetton’s Leader-Participation Model e. none of the above (b; Moderate; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) 29. Who developed the LPC (least preferred co-worker) questionnaire? a. Wachner b. Fiedler c. House d. Blake and Mouton e. Surber (b; Moderate; Least Preferred Coworker; p. 392) 30. In Fiedler’s model, if a respondent describes his or her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms, then the respondent is considered to be _____. a. relationship-oriented b. people-oriented c. consensus-building d. consideration-focused e. unrealistic (a; Challenging; Least Preferred Coworker; p. 92) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 31. If a survey respondent sees his or her least preferred co-worker in unfavorable terms, Fiedler would categorize the respondent as _____. a. overly critical b. task-oriented c. emotionally deficient d. insightful e. laissez-faire (b; Moderate; Least Preferred Coworker; p. 392) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 32. Fiedler’s contingency model assumes that an individual’s leadership style is _____. a. changeable b. contingent c. situational d. fixed e. intangible (d; Moderate; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) 33. Three situational criteria identified in the Fiedler model are _____. . job requirements, position power, and leadership ability b. charisma, influence, and leader-member relations c. leader-member relations, task structure, and position power d. task structure, leadership ability, and group conflict e. emotional intelligence, group orientation, and employee status (c; Moderate; Fiedler’s Key Situational Factors; p. 393) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 34. Fiedler labels the degree of confidence, trust, and respect that subordinates have in their leader as _____. a. leader-member relations b. relationship orientation c. positional power d. employee-orientation . none of the above (a; Easy; Leader-Member Relations; p. 393) 35. The degree to which job assignments are procedurized is classified in the Fiedl er model as _____. a. leader-member relations b. task orientation c. task structure d. initiating structure e. productivity oriented (c; Moderate; Task Structures; p. 393) 36. Fiedler’s theory predicts that an individual who is considered task oriented will be most effective when the situation is _____. a. moderately to highly favorable b. moderately favorable c. moderately to highly unfavorable d. very favorable or very unfavorable e. highly favorable d; Challenging; Matching Leaders and Situations; pp. 393-394) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 37. Based on the contingency theory, if the leadership style does not match the situation, you should _____. a. change the leader to fit the situation b. change the situation to fit the leader c. accept this circumstance as unchangeable d. either a or b e. retrain the leader in a more appropriate style (d; Moderate; Matching Leaders and Situations; p. 394) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 38. The reconceptualization of the contingency model by Garcia and Fiedler is called _____ theory. a. situational b. cognitive resource . evaluative d. leadership recognition e. cognitive dissonance (b; Moderate; Cognitive Resource Theory; p. 395) 39. Cognitive resource theory focuses on the role of ____ as a form of situational unfavorableness and how a leader’s intelligence and experience influence his or her reaction. a. stress b. task structure c. position power d. conflict e. resolution (a; Moderate; Cognitive Resource Theory; p. 395) 40. All of the following are findings of the cognitive resource theory except _____. a. low stress situations show a positive relationship between intellectual abilities and performance b. ow stress situations show a positive relationship between job experience and performance c. high stress situations show a negative relationship between intellectual abilities and performance d. high stress situations show a positive relationship between job experience and performance e. None of the above are finding s of the theory. (b; Moderate; Cognitive Resource Theory; p. 395) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 41. Hersey and Blanchard developed which of the following? a. situational leadership theory b. cognitive resource theory c. managerial grid model d. path-goal theory . cognitive orientation model (a; Moderate; Situational Leadership Theory; p. 395) 42. Hersey and Blanchard’s leadership theory differs from other leadership theories primarily because it _____. a. explores the role of the expectations of the leader for the follower b. focuses on the followers c. holds that leadership style should be dependent on the situation d. is normative e. deals strictly and exclusively with contingencies (b; Challenging; Situational Leadership Theory; p. 395) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 43. According to Hersey and Blanchard, readiness encompasses the _____. a. egree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader b. amount of influence a leader has over variables such as hiring, firing, a nd salaries c. level of morale and satisfaction of the employees d. ability and willingness of the followers to accomplish a task e. all of the above (d; Moderate; Readiness; p. 396) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 44. Hersey and Blanchard say that the laissez-faire leadership style should be used when employees are ____ to accomplish a task. a. unable and willing b. able and unwilling c. unable and unwilling d. able and willing e. none of the above d; Moderate; Situational Leadership Theory; p. 396) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 45. What theory was developed by Robert House? a. cognitive resource model b. decision theory c. leader-member exchange theory d. path-goal theory e. situational leadership theory (d; Moderate; Path-Goal Theory; p. 396) 46. The leadership model that integrates the expectancy theory of motivation with the Ohio State leadership research is _____. a. path-goal b. contingency c. leader-participation d. leader-member exchange e. cognitive arousal (a; Challenging; Path-Goal Theory; p. 396) 47. What is the essence of the path-goal theory? . Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style. b. Stress is a form of situational unfavorableness and a leader’s reaction to it depends on his or her intelligence and experience. c. Effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader. d. Leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers because of time pressures. e. The leader is responsible for providing followers with the information, support, or other resources necessary for them to do their jobs. e; Moderate; Path-Goal Theory; p. 397) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 48. The leadership behaviors identified by the path-goal theory are _____. a. supportive, employee-oriented, laissez-faire, and participative b. achievement-oriented, supportive, humanistic, and directive c. participative, achievement-oriented , directive, and supportive d. directive, participative, supportive, and laissez-faire e. affective, cognitive, and behavioral (c; Challenging; Path-Goal Theory; p. 397) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 49. Which path-goal leadership style leads to greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful? . directive b. supportive c. participative d. mixed e. reactive (a; Moderate; Path-Goal Theory; p. 397) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 50. According to House, what leader is friendly and shows concern for the needs of followers? a. the achievement-oriented leader b. the directive leader c. the laissez-faire leader d. the participative leader e. the supportive leader (e; Easy; Path-Goal Theory; p. 397) 51. Which of the following is not an example of a prediction based on path-goal theory? a. Subordinates with an internal locus of control will be more satisfied with a directive style. b. Directive leadership leads to greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful. c. Supportive leadership results in high employee performance when performing structured tasks. d. Directive leadership is likely to be perceived as redundant by employees with a lot of experience. e. All of the above are examples of predictions based on path-goal theory. (a; Challenging; Path-Goal Theory Predictions; p. 398) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory 52. Which of the following theories argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their subordinates? . managerial grid b. leader-member exchange c. path-goal d. expectancy e. contingency (b; Easy; Leader-Member Exchange Theory; p. 398) 53. According to LMX theory, which of the following is not true of those individuals who fall into the out-group? a. They receive a disproportionate amount of the leader’s attention. b. They have leader-follower relatio ns based on formal authority interaction. c. They are less trusted. d. They receive fewer of the preferred rewards that the leader controls. e. All of the above statements are true. (a; Easy; Leader-Member Exchange Theory; p. 99) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 54. According to LMX theory, a leader implicitly categorizes followers as â€Å"in† or â€Å"out† _____. a. after careful analysis b. on a temporary basis c. early in the interaction d. because of political pressure e. based on job requirements (c; Easy; Leader-Member Exchange Theory; p. 399) Decision Theory; Vroom and Yetton’s Leader-Participation Model 55. The leader-participation model was developed by _____. a. Hersey and Blanchard b. Fred Fiedler c. Blake and Mouton d. Vroom and Yetton e. Douglas and Surber (d; Moderate; Leadership-Participation Model; p. 400) 56. Vroom and Yetton’s leadership theory could also be described as a _____ theory. a. contingency b. decision c. behavioral d. trait e. cognitive dissonance (b; Moderate; Leadership-Participation Model; p. 400) 57. Criticism of Vroom and Yetton’s leader-participation model focus on ________. a. the model’s overall complexity b. the lack of research testing of the model c. the abstract nature of the model d. the model’s emphasis on follower commitment e. the model’s emphasis on time restrictions related to decision-making (a; Challenging; Criticism of Leadership-Participation Model; p. 400) TRUE/FALSE What Is Leadership? 58. Leadership and management are two terms that are often confused. (True; Easy; Management and Leadership; p. 385) 59. According to Kotter, management focuses on coping with change; leadership focuses on coping with complexity. (False; Moderate; Management and Leadership; p. 385) 60. Leadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group towards the achievement of cohesiveness. (False; Moderate; Leadership; p. 385) 61. Holding a management position is an important step towards becoming a leader in an organization. (False; Moderate; Management and Leadership; p. 385) 62. Strong leadership is the primary element needed for optimum organizational effectiveness. (False; Moderate; Leadership; p. 385) Trait Theories 63. By the 1990s, numerous studies indicated that leaders differed from nonleaders only in ambition and self-confidence. (False; Challenging; Leadership; p. 386) 64. Research efforts at isolating leadership traits achieved a breakthrough, of sorts, when researchers began organizing traits around the Big Five personality framework. (True; Moderate; Big Five and Trait Theories; p. 386) 65. The Big Five personality framework revealed that traits are most useful as predictors of leadership emergence. True; Moderate; Big Five and Trait Theories; p. 386) Behavioral Theories 66. Trait research would provide a basis for selecting the â€Å"right† persons to assume formal positions requiring leadership. (True; Easy; Trait Theories; p. 389) 67. One assumption of the trait view of leadership is that leaders cannot be trained. (True; Moderate; Trai t Theories; p. 389) 68. If behavioral theories of leadership are valid, selection of leaders should focus on length of experience an individual has obtained in the right situations. (False; Easy; Behavioral Theories; p. 389) 69. If behavioral theories of leadership are valid, we could have an infinite supply of effective leaders. (True; Challenging; Behavioral Theories; p. 389) 70. The most comprehensive and replicated of the behavioral theories resulted from research begun by Fred Fiedler. (False; Moderate; Ohio State Studies; p. 389) 71. The Ohio State Studies involved research on only two dimensions – initiating structure and consideration. (True; Moderate; Ohio State Studies; p. 389) 72. A leader designated as high on initiating structure would be likely to clearly define the roles of his or her subordinates. (True; Easy; Initiating Structure; p. 389) 3. According to the University of Michigan studies, production-oriented leadership is defined as the extent to which a leader tends to emphasize the technical or task aspects of the job. (False; Moderate; University of Michigan Studies; p. 390) 74. The University of Michigan studies found that production-oriented leaders were associated with higher g roup productivity than employee-oriented leaders. (False; Challenging; University of Michigan Studies; p. 390) 75. The managerial grid model of leadership uses a grid containing nine possible positions on each axis, representing 81 different positions in which a leader’s style may fall. True; Moderate; Managerial Grid; p. 390) 76. The managerial grid model holds that managers tend to perform best under a 9,9 management style. (True; Moderate; Managerial Grid; p. 390) 77. The managerial grid was developed by a team of researchers known as the Scandinavian Studies group. (False; Easy; Managerial Grid; p. 390) 78. The managerial grid helped promote the progress of leadership research by identifying the productivity results produced by each of 81 different leadership styles. (False; Challenging; Managerial Grid; p. 390) Contingency Theories: Fiedler Model and Situational Leadership Theory 79. The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends upon the proper match between a leader’s style and the degree to which a situation gives control to the leader. (True; Moderate; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) 80. Fiedler’s contingency model is considered to be the first comprehensive contingency model for leadership. (True; Moderate; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) 81. Contingency models of leadership suggest that there is no one best style of leadership. (True; Easy; Contingency Models; p. 392) 82. Fiedler believes that a key factor in leadership success is the follower’s preferences for co-worker types. False; Easy; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) 83. Fiedler’s findings focused on results obtained from his pioneering use of the most preferred co-worker (MPC) questionnaire. (False; Easy; Least Preferred Coworker; p. 392) 84. In Fiedler’s approach, if a respondent uses unfavorable terms to describe the co-wor ker in question, the respondent can be said to be primarily task-oriented. (True; Moderate; Least Preferred Coworker; p. 392) 85. Fiedler’s theory is based on the assumption that leaders can’t change their styles to fit changing situations. (True; Moderate; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) 86. Fiedler’s theory suggests that training is an effective tool to improve leader effectiveness. (False; Moderate; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) 87. Fiedler’s three situational factors include: leader-member relations, task structure, and stress. (False; Moderate; Fiedler’s Key Situational Factors; p. 393) 88. According to Fiedler, task structure is the degree to which the job assignments are procedurized. (True; Moderate; Task Structures; p. 393) 89. According to Fiedler, leader-member relations concern the degree to which a leader takes a personal interest in the needs of his or her employees and accepts individual differences among them. False; Challenging; Position Power; p. 393) 90. According to Fiedler’s contingency model, task-oriented leaders are most effective in situations of high or low control. (True; Moderate; Matching Leaders and Situations; pp. 393-394) 91. Fiedler assumes that we should concentrate on changing situations to suit the leade rs or changing the leaders to fit the situation. (True; Moderate; Matching Leaders and Situations; p. 394) 92. Taken as a whole, tests of the overall validity of the Fiedler model tend to support substantial parts of the model. (True; Moderate; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 394) 93. One criticism of the Fiedler model concerns the fact that the logic underlying the model’s questionnaire is not well understood. (True; Moderate; Problems with Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 395) 94. Studies regarding the Fiedler model have shown that respondents’ questionnaire scores tend to be relatively stable. (False; Moderate; Problems with Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 395) 95. One advantage of the Fiedler model is that its contingency variables are simple and easy to assess. (False; Moderate; Problems with Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 395) 96. The essence of cognitive resource theory is that stress is the enemy of rationality. True; Moderate; Cognitive Resource Theory; p. 395) 97. Cognitive resource theory predicts that in low-stress situations, bright individuals perform better in the leadership role than their less intelligent counterparts. (True; Moderate; Cognitive Resource Theory; p. 395) 98. Cognitive resource theory predicts that in high-stress situations, more experienced individuals perform better than do less experienced people. (True; Moderate; Cognitive Resource Theory; p. 395) 99. Under the cognitive resource theory, experience is generally a strong predictor of leadership effectiveness. False; Easy; Cognitive Resource Theory; p. 395) 100. Hersey and Blanchard argue that the correct leadership style is contingent on the level of the follower’s readiness. (True; Easy; Situational Leadership Theory; p. 395) 101. Situational leadership theory essentially views the leader-follower relationship as analogous to that between a parent and child. (True; Easy; Situational Leadership Theory; p. 396) 102. Situational leadership theory has been well validated by research but not well received by practitioners because there are so many factors to examine. (False; Moderate; Situational Leadership Theory; p. 96) 103. SLT is an example of a trait theory. (False; Easy; Situational Leadership Theory; pp. 395-396) 104. The path-goal model o f leadership integrates the expectancy model of motivation with key elements of the Ohio State Studies. (True; Moderate; Path-Goal Theory; p. 396) 105. Path-goal theory assumes leaders are flexible and can display different leadership behavior depending on the situation. (True; Moderate; Path-Goal Theory; p. 397) 106. A hypothesis that has evolved out of path-goal theory is that directive leadership leads to greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful. True; Moderate; Path-Goal Theory Predictions; p. 398) Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory 107. In the leader-member exchange theory, leaders don’t treat all of their subordinates alike. (True; Moderate; Leader-Member Exchange Theory; p. 397) 108. According to LMX theory, out-group members get more of the leader’s time, but in a negative manner. (False; Moderate; Leader-Member Exchange Theory; p. 397) 109. In the leader-member exchange theory, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of e mployees called the â€Å"supportive followers. † (False; Moderate; Leader-Member Exchange Theory; p. 397) 110. Research testing of LMX theory has been generally supportive. (True, Moderate, Evaluation of Leader-Member Exchange Theory; p. 398) Decision Theory; Vroom and Yetton’s Leader-Participation Model 111. The leader-participation model provides a set of rules that leaders can use to determine the appropriate leadership behavior for a given task structure. (True; Moderate; Leadership-Participation Model; p. 400) 112. The complexity of the leadership-participation model enables leaders to apply it realistically when they are assessing decision-making situations. (False; Challenging; Criticism of Leadership-Participation Model; p. 00) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS Application of Trait Theories Your company’s HR director is a believer in trait theories of leadership. He believes that he can differentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics. The HR director plans to promote Lawrence, a highly extroverted manager with a great deal of ambition and energy. Furthermore, the president of the company is preparing to retire, and the HR director is searching for her replacement. He asks for your expertise in helping him to apply trait theory to leadership selection within your company. 13. You explain that research efforts at isolating leadership traits have ________. a. identified six leadership traits that predict leadership b. been supportive of the Big Five leadership traits predicting leadership c. shown that conscientiousness does not help much in predicting leadership d. identified emotional stability as the most strongly related trait to leader emergence e. been more focused on developing contingency theories and replacing trait theories (b; Easy; Big Five and Trait Theories; p. 386) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 114. When selecting individuals for leadership positions, trait theory suggests that which of the following is least helpful for identifying leaders? a. extraversion b. conscientiousness c. openness to experience d. agreeableness e. ambition (d; Moderate; Big Five and Trait Theories; p. 387) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 115. You advise the director to prioritize which of the following when looking for appropriate candidates for the president’s replacement? a. goal-orientation b. analytical capacity c. emotional intelligence d. emotional stability e. training (c; Moderate; Emotional Intelligence and Trait Theories; p. 387) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 16. The director believes that because of these innate characteristics, Lawrence will be highly effective at helping the company achieve its production goals. You advise the director against this decision because ________. a. research has identified emotional stability as the strongest predictor of leadership effectiveness b. studies have foun d that the Big Five traits are difficult to identify in leaders c. studies have shown that traits are poor predictors of leadership effectiveness d. research has found that conscientiousness is a better predictor of effectiveness than extraversion e. esearch has shown that effective managers are often unlikely to become effective leaders (c; Moderate; Trait Theories; p. 388) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} Application of Trait and Behavioral Theories You are the CEO of an engineering design firm that has several departments, each specializing in the design of different products. You have noticed a great deal of difference between the styles of the various department directors. You also see a big difference in the morale, employee satisfaction levels, and effectiveness (productivity) levels of the departments. One of your goals as CEO is to maximize productivity across all departments. 117. As you look at the difference between the department directors, you notice that some are more charismatic and enthusiastic than others. In identifying this difference, you are looking at the directors’ _____. a. behaviors b. traits c. personalities d. attitudes e. all of the above (b; Easy; Traits; p. 386) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 118. Some of the departmental directors spend more time training and helping their employees, while other spend more time on the technical issues that arise in the development process. According to the categories used in the University of Michigan studies, the directors can be described as ________. a. oriented toward initiating structure vs. oriented toward consideration b. employee-oriented vs. production-oriented c. training-oriented vs. development-oriented d. assistance-oriented vs. growth-oriented e. authority-type leaders vs. laissez faire-type leaders (b; Moderate; University of Michigan Studies; p. 390) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 119. Based on the results of the University of Michigan studies, which directors most likely have departments with higher productivity and job satisfaction? . the employee-oriented leaders b. the production-oriented leaders c. the consideration-oriented leaders d. the development-oriented leaders e. the task-oriented leaders (a; Moderate; Employee-Oriented Leaders; p. 390) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 120. Of all the departments, Gerard’s department has the greatest production output. His employees seem most satisfied with his le adership as well. You categorize the behavioral styles of each department director using the managerial grid. According to the work of Blake and Mouton, who developed the grid, which of the following is most likely to reflect Gerard’s score on he grid? a. 8,8 b. 5,5 c. 1,7 d. 7,1 e. 1,1 (a; Moderate; Managerial Grid; p. 390) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 121. It can be inferred that the poorest performing director is most likely to receive which of the following scores on the managerial grid? a. 9,9 b. 1,9 c. 9,1 d. 5,5 e. 1,1 (e; Challenging; Managerial Grid; p. 390) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} Application of Fiedler’s Contingency Theory You have decided to use Fiedler’s LPC questionnaire to help your employees learn more about their leadership styles. Each of your employees has filled out and scored the instrument. It is your job to try to explain to them how to use the survey information. 122. According to Fiedler’s approach, your employees should assume which of the following about the leadership styles determined through using the survey? a. Each person’s style is essentially fixed. b. Each person can use the information to change his/her style to a more productive style. c. Task-oriented leaders will not perform as well as relationship-oriented leaders in situations that are very unfavorable. d. Task-oriented leaders will perform better than relationship-oriented leaders in moderately favorable situations. . Each person’s style will change in accordance with the situation at hand. (a; Moderate; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 123. Fran completes the LPC questionnaire and finds that she described her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms. She is surprised by this finding because she recalls being particularly annoyed by this d ifficult co-worker. Based on your understanding of Fiedler’s model, you explain to Fran that her LPC score makes sense within the model because ________. a. Fran tends to become very dominating when given ambiguous tasks b. Fran is usually much more focused on productivity than on developing relationships c. Fran tends in general to focus on building good relationships with the other employees at your company d. Fran has a spotty work history and has tended to switch jobs every couple of years e. Fran is usually chosen for positions of high responsibility within your organization (c; Challenging; Least Preferred Coworker; p. 392) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 124. In utilizing Fiedler’s contingency model, which of the following contingency dimensions should your employees pay attention to? a. leader-member relations b. ask structure c. position power d. All of the above are important dimensions in this model. e. None of the above are important dimensions in this model. (d; Moderate; Fiedler’s Key Situational Factors; p. 393) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 125. The Fiedler model proposes ________. a. changing the leader b. changing the situation c. matching leaders and situations d. changing the emplo yees e. training the leader to match each situation (c; Easy; Matching Leaders and Situations; p. 394) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} Application of Various Theories Your boss has been reading several books on leadership. You notice that every ew months he is spouting a different approach and philosophy. You have been trying to keep up with him and figure out which â€Å"leadership theory of the month† he is studying. 126. Suddenly your boss begins sending people to training to help them develop more effective leadership styles. It is clear that he is reading an author who supports _____. a. trait theories b. behavioral theories c. Fiedler’s contingency model d. the reflection effect e. none of the above (b; Easy; Behavioral Theories; p. 389) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 127. You have noticed that your boss is often asking you what types of peers you least like to work with. You suspect that he is trying to covertly determine your leadership style according to _____. a. Hersey and Blanchard b. Vroom and Yetton c. Fiedler d. Sondak e. none of the above (c; Easy; Fiedler Contingency Model; p. 392) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 128. This month your boss seems less concerned about his leaders than he is about the people who work for them and whether these employees are willing and able to perform particular tasks. Your boss is most likely reading _____. a. Hersey and Blanchard b. Vroom and Yetton c. Fiedler d. Christos e. Fiedler and Garcia (a; Easy, Situational Leadership Theory; p. 95) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 129. Now your boss seems to be trying to analyze each leader according to which employees they interact with most and least, and which employees they rate highest and lowest. You suspect that he is reading about which of the following models? a. SLT b. LMX c. LPC d. PGT e. SNFU (b; Moderate; Leader-Member Exchange Theory; p. 398) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} Application of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory As you have observed your department manager and her interactions with the department’s employees, you have come to believe in LMX theory. Sarah and Joe get less of the manager’s time. Sally gets fewer of the preferred rewards that the manager controls and John has a relationship with the manager based on formal authority interactions. Rebecca is trusted. Jennifer gets a disproportionate amount of the manager’s attention and is more likely to receive special privileges. 130. According to LMX theory, the in-group is likely to be comprised of _____. a. Rebecca and Jennifer only b. Jennifer only c. Rebecca only d. John, Rebecca, and Jennifer only e. Sarah, Joe, Sally, and John only (a; Moderate; In-Group; pp. 398-399) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 31. According to LMX theory, which of the following employees is likely to be included in the out-group? a. Rebecca only b. Jennifer only c. Sarah and Jennifer only d. Sarah and Joe only e. Sarah, Joe, Sally, and John only (c; Easy; Out-Group; p. 399) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 132. When you look at this department’s performance evaluations, you expect to find that _____. a. Rebecca and Jennifer have high ratings b. Rebecca, John, and Jennifer have high ratings c. Rebecca and Jennifer have high ratings, John has moderate ratings, and the rest of the employees have low ratings d. John has received more promotions than any of the other employees e. Rebecca and John compete with each other for the highest ratings (a; Moderate; In-Group; p. 399) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 133. The manager of this particular department is very goal-oriented in his leadership style. Which of the following employees is also likely to be very goal-oriented? a. Sarah b. Jennifer c. Joe d. Sally e. John (b; Moderate; In-Group; p. 399) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} SHORT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 134. What is the difference between leadership and management? Leadership is defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals. Leadership is about coping with change, management is about coping with complexity. Good management brings about order and consistency by drawing up formal plans, designing rigid organization structures, and monitoring results against plans. Management consists of implementing the vision and strategy provided by leaders, coordinating and staffing the organization, and handling day-to-day problems. (Easy; Management and Leadership; p. 385) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 135. What â€Å"breakthrough† resulted in consistent and strong support for traits as predictors of leadership? When researchers began organizing traits around the Big Five personality framework, it became clear that most of the dozens of traits that emerged in various leadership reviews could be subsumed under one of the Big Five. This approach resulted in consistent and strong support for traits as predictors of leadership emergence. (Easy; Leadership; p. 385) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 136. What are the implications of the behavioral theories of leadership? If trait research had been successful, it would have provided a basis for selecting the â€Å"right† persons to assume formal positions in groups and organizations requiring leadership. In contrast, if behavioral studies were to turn up critical behavioral determinants of leadership, we could train people to be leaders. The difference between trait and behavioral theories, in terms of application, lies in their underlying assumptions. If trait theories were valid, then leaders are born rather than made. On the other hand, if there were specific behaviors that identified leaders, then we could teach leadership – we could design programs that implanted these behavioral patterns in individuals who desired to be effective leaders. Moderate; Implications of Behavioral Theories; p. 389) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 137. Identify and explain the two dimensions of leadership described in the Ohio State studies. The Ohio State studies proposed that two categories accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees. They called these two dimensions initiating structure and consideration. a) Initiating structure refers to the extent to which a leader is lik ely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. ) Consideration is described as the extent to which a person is likely to have job relationships that are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. (Easy; Ohio State Studies; p. 389) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 138. Explain the components of Blake and Mouton’s managerial grid. Blake and Mouton proposed a managerial grid based on the styles of concern for people and concern for production. This grid shows the dominating factors in a leader’s thinking in regard to getting results. Managers were found to perform best under a 9,9 style. The dimensions represent the Ohio State dimensions of consideration and initiating structure and the Michigan dimensions of employee oriented and production oriented. (Easy; Managerial Grid; p. 390) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 139. How was cognitive resource theory developed, and what are its main findings? Fiedler and Joe Garcia re-conceptualized Fiedler’s contingency model. They focused on the role of stress as a form of situational unfavorableness and how a leader’s intelligence and experience influence his or her reaction to stress. The essence of the theory is that stress is the enemy of rationality. Fiedler and Garcia found that a leader’s intellectual abilities correlate positively with performance under low stress but negatively under high stress. According to the theory, it’s the level of stress in the situation that determines whether an individual’s intelligence and experience will contribute to leadership performance. (Moderate; Cognitive Resource Theory; p. 395) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 140. Describe LMX theory and identify its main beliefs. This theory argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers. These individuals make up the in-group – they are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader’s attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges. Other followers fall into the out-group. They get less of the leader’s time, fewer of the preferred rewards that the leader controls, and have leader-follower relations based on formal authority interactions. The leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or â€Å"out† and that relationship is relatively stable over time. (Moderate; Leader-Member Exchange Theory; pp. 398-399) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 141. Describe the leader-participation model. Victor Vroom and Phillip Yetton developed a model that related leadership behavior and participation in decision making. Recognizing that task structures have varying demands for routine and non-routine activities, these researchers argued that leader behavior must adjust to reflect the task structure. The model was normative – it provided a sequential set of rules that should be followed in determining the form and amount of participation in decision making, as determined by different types of situations. The model was a decision tree incorporating seven contingencies and five alternative leadership styles. Easy; Leadership-Participation Model; p. 400) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} MEDIUM LENGTH DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 142. Explain the principles of Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership theory. Situational leadership is a contingency theory that focuses on the followers. Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which they argue is cont ingent on the level of the followers’ readiness. The emphasis on the followers in leadership effectiveness reflects the reality that it is the followers who accept or reject the leaders. Readiness refers to the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. SLT says if a follower is unable and unwilling to do a task, the leader needs to give clear and specific directions; if followers are unable and willing, the leader needs to display high task orientation to compensate for the followers’ lack of ability and high relationship orientation to get the follower to â€Å"buy into† the leader’s desires; if followers are able and unwilling, the leader needs to use a supportive and participative style; and if the employee is both able and willing, the leader doesn’t need to do much. Moderate; Situational Leadership Theory; pp. 395-396) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 143. What are the predictions of path-goal theory? Path-goal theory made several predictions: a) Directive leadership leads to greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful than when they are highly structured and well laid out. b) Suppor tive leadership results in high employee performance and satisfaction when employees are performing structured tasks. c) Directive leadership is likely to be perceived as redundant among employees with high perceived ability or with considerable experience. ) Employees with an internal locus of control will be more satisfied with a participative style. e) Achievement-oriented leadership will increase employees’ expectancies that effort will lead to high performance when tasks are ambiguously structured. (Moderate; Path-Goal Theory Predictions; p. 398) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 144. Summarize the leader-member exchange theory. The leader-member exchange (LMX) theory argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers. These individuals make up the in-group—they are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader’s attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges. Other followers fall into the out-group. They get less of the leader’s time, fewer of the preferred rewards that the leader controls, and have leader-follower relations based on formal authority interactions. The theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an â€Å"in† or an â€Å"out† and that relationship is relatively stable over time. The theory and research surrounding it provide substantive evidence that leaders do differentiate among followers; that these disparities are far from random; and that followers with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, lower turnover intentions, greater satisfaction with their superior, and higher overall satisfaction than will the out-group. These positive findings for in-group members are consistent with our knowledge of the self-fulfilling prophesy. (Moderate; Leader-Member Exchange Theory; pp. 98-399) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS 145. Explain Fiedler’s contingency model. In your discussion, describe the role of the LPC (least preferred coworker) questionnaire and identify the key situational factors that determine leadership effectiveness, according to this model. Fred Fiedler developed the first comprehensive contingency model for leadership. This model proposes that effective group performance depends upon the proper match between the l eader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader. The least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire is used to determine what the leader’s basic style is. Sixteen contrasting adjectives are used to ask respondents to describe their least-preferred co-worker. If the least preferred co-worker is described in relatively positive terms (a high LPC score), then the respondent is primarily interested in good personal relations with this co-worker. This person is considered relationship oriented. If the least preferred co-worker is primarily interested in productivity, they would be labeled task oriented. Fiedler assumes that an individual’s leadership style is fixed. Fiedler identified three contingency dimensions that define the key situational factors that determine leadership effectiveness. a) Leader-member relations are the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader. b) Task structure is the degree to which the job assignments are procedurized. c) Position power is the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. The better the leader-member relations, the more highly structured the job, and the stronger the position power, the more control the leader has. With knowledge of an individual’s LPC and an assessment of the three contingency variables, Fiedler proposes matching them up to achieve maximum leadership effectiveness. Task-oriented leaders tend to perform better in situations that were very favorable to them and in situations that were very unfavorable. Relationship oriented leaders perform better in moderately favorable situations. Fiedler has suggested recently that task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of high and low control, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in moderate control situations. There are two ways to improve leader effectiveness. You can change the leader to fit the situation. The second alternative would be to change the situation to fit the leader. This could be done by restructuring tasks or increasing or decreasing the power that the leader has to control factors such as salary increases, promotions, and disciplinary actions. (Challenging; Fiedler Contingency Model; pp. 92- 394) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 146. Compare and contrast Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership theory with House’s path-goal theory. Hersey and Blanchard’s situation leadership theory is a contingency theory that focuses on the followers. Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which Hersey and Blanchard argue is contingent on the leve l of the followers’ readiness. The emphasis on the followers in leadership effectiveness reflects the reality that it is the followers who accept or reject the leaders. The term readiness refers to the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. SLT says if a follower is unable and unwilling to do a task, the leader needs to give clear and specific directions; if followers are unable and willing, the leader needs to display high task orientation to compensate for the followers’ lack of ability and high relationship orientation to get the follower to â€Å"buy into† the leader’s desires; if followers are able and unwilling, the leader needs to use a supportive and articipative style; and if the employee is both able and willing, the leader doesn’t need to do much. Path-goal theory was developed by Robert House. The essence of the theory is that it’s the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. The term path-goal is derived from the belief that effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers get from where they are to the achievement of their work goals and make the journey along the path easier by reducing roadblocks. House identified four leadership behaviors. The directive leader lets followers know what is expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks. The supportive leader is friendly and shows concern for the needs of followers. The participative leader consults with followers and uses their suggestions before making a decision. The achievement-oriented leader sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level. House assumes that leaders are flexible and that the same leader can display any or all of these behaviors depending on the situation. (Challenging; Situational Leadership Theory and Path-Goal Theory; pp. 395-396) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} How to cite No Se, Essay examples